Worthington v. Boston

This was an action by Charles C. Worthington and William A. Perry against the city of Boston for breach of contract. The circuit court, on trial without a jury, rendered judgment for defendant. 41 Fed. 23. Plaintiffs bring error.

The plaintiffs in error, as surviving partners of a firm doing business under the name of Henry R. Worthington, brought this action upon a written agreement concluded May 19, 1885, between that firm and the Boston water board; the latter assuming to act on behalf of the city of Boston.

This agreement involved the espenditure of a large sum of money for pumping engines and machinery in connection with the 'high-service' extension of the waterworks of the city, and was made without an advertisement for proposals by bidders.

The court below tried the case without a jury, pursuant to a written stipulation of the parties, and, being of opinion that without such advertisement the water board had no authority to make the agreement, gave judgment in favor of the city. 41 Fed. 23. Whether the water board had such authority depends upon certain facts set forth in an agreed statement of the parties. These facts are as follows:

The city of Boston, previous to and ever since the year 1875, was authorized to take water from Lake Cochituate, Sudbury river, and Mystic lake, to build and maintain aqueducts, dams, reservoirs, and to lay pipes, establish hydrants, and supply its inhabitants with water, in such manner, any by such agents, officers, and servants, as the city council should from time to time direct; and previous to 1875 it had established the Cochituate water board and the Mystic water board to exercise those powers, subject to the ordinances and orders of the city.

By chapter 80 of the Statutes of Massachusetts, in force in 1875, it was provided: 'The city council of the city of Boston may establish by ordinance a water board to be known as the 'Boston Water Board,' consistiong of three able and discreet persons to be appointed by the mayor, with the advice and consent of the city council, and to receive such compensation as the city council may from time to time determine. The said board may be empowered by said city council to exercise all or any of the powers conferred by the statutes of the commonwealth upon the city of Boston, with reference to supplying said city with water, or of the Cochituate and Mystic water boards, and also the act as the agent of the city of Boston in doing any and all things which the city is now authorized to do in relation to the taking of lands, water rights, and other property, and the establishment and maintenance of works and appliances for supplying the city of Boston or other cities and towns with pure water, and the said Boston water board shall, so far as the city council of said city may by ordinance prescribe, succeed to all the powers and duties formerly vested in the Cochituate water board and Mystic water board.' On the 22d day of March, 1876, the city council of Boston, with the approval of the mayor, passed an ordinance that was in force when the agreement in question was made, and which, among other things, provided:

'There shall be a board to be known as the 'Boston Water Board,' and to consist of three members. Said board shall have and exercise all the powers, so far as such powers can be legally delegated by the city council, which were granted to the city by or are held by the city under chapter one hundered and sixty-seven of the Statutes of the commonwealth of the year eighteen hundred and forty-six, chapter one hundred and seventy-seven of the said Statutes of the year eighteen hundred and seventy-two, and by or under any and all statutes in addition to either of the before-mentioned chapters, subject, however, to the authority of the city council from time to time, by ordinances, orders, or resolutions, to instruct said board, and to change and limit their powers. Said board may, subject to the approval of the mayor, sell or lease such of the property connected with the waterworks as they deem expedient, and all necessary deeds and leases shall be executed by the mayor and countersigned by the chairman of said board. No contract or purchase which is estimated to involve an expenditure of more than ten thousand dollars, except a contract for the laying of pipe, shall be made by the said board until they have advertised, as hereinafter provided, for sealed proposals thereof. * * * All proposals shall be publicly opened at the time and place designated in the advertisement, and the said board may reject any or all bids which are offered, and it shall be their duty to reject the bids of all irresponsible parties.'

For several years prior to 1884 the question of extending the high-service works of the Cochituate water department, which comprised a part of the city waterworks, was before the city council.

In 1881, the water board submitted to the council the following estimate of the cost of such extension: 'For engine buildings, wells, engine foundations, etc., $149,000; one engine, capacity 10,000,000 gallons, $75,000; one relief engine, capacity 5,000,000 gallons (based on using one of Mystic pumping engines), $18,000; lands and reservoir (No. 1), capacity 15,000,000 gallons, $169,000; land damages for reservoir (No. 3) and pipe lines, $28,000; pipe mains, force, and supply, $237,000; add 10 per cent. for superintendence, engineering, and contingencies, $67,000; total, $743,000.'

The water board, November 17, 1884, submitted to the council another estimate of the cost of such extension, as follows: 'For engine buildings, wells, engine foundation, connection chamber, $142,000; one engine, capacity 10,000,000 gallons, $60,000; one relief engine, capacity 5,000,000 gallons, $25,000; land and reservoir, capacity 15,000,000 gallons, including gate chamber, $210,000; land damages for reservoir No. 3, $28,000; pipe mains, force and supply, $231,000; add 10 per cent., engineering and contingencies, $69,600; total, $765,000.'

On December 23, 1884, an order was duly passed by the city council, and approved by the mayor to this effect: 'Ordered, that the city treasurer be authorized to borrow, under the direction of the committee on finance, and at such a rate of interest as they shall determine, the sum of $766,000, which sum is hereby appropriated, and the Boston water board is authorized to expend the same for the extension of the high-service works of the Cochituate water department.'

On December 31, 1884, the city engineer, Henry M. Wightman, addressed to the water board a letter, in which he said: 'The board should determine the pumping engine it will use, as such determination is necessary before a plan of the pumping station can be made. I am of the opinion that the improved Worthington engine will prove the most advantageous for the city; and, as a three million gallon engine of this type is running at the Worthington pump works in New York, it would be advisable for the board to examine this engine before any decision is made.'

The water board adopted plans and spectifications for the proposed extension, requiring, among other things, two engines of the daily capacity of 5,000,000 and 10,000,000 gallons, respectively, estimated by the board to cost from $85,000 to $93,000, and the discontinuance of the pumping station on Elmwood street, at the Highlands, and the engines and machinery therein; and on the 3d day of April, 1885, it sent this communication to the city council: 'The plans for the extension of high service, as detailed by ex-City Engineer Joseph P. Davis, and the late City Engineer Henry M. Wightman, required the establishment of a new pumping station at Chestnut Hill of larger capacity than the present one at the Highlands, and the discontinuance of the latter. Mr. Wightman, after a careful examination of the matter, concluded that it would be advantageous for the city to exchange, if possible, the small engines now in use for the larger ones required in the extension of the high service, and so recommended to the board. We therefore ask 'that the water board be authorized to exchange such pumping engines and machinery as are inadequate or of insufficient capacity for those of the capacity required by the plans and estimates of the new high-service extension."

On April 20, 1885, the following order, prepared by the chairman of the water board, and which had duly passed both branches of the city council, was approved by the mayor: 'Ordered, that the water board be authorized to exchange such pumping engines and machinery as are inadequate or of insufficient capacity for those of the capacity required by the plans and estimates of the new high-service extension, the expense of such exchange to be charged to the appropriation for high-service extension.'

On April 21, 1885, the water board visited New York, and examined the improved or high-duty Worthington engine, and other engines in New York, Philadelphia, and Brooklyn, all of which they had done several times before subsequently to January 1, 1885, and on the previous visits had been accompanied by the city engineer; and on April 24, 1885, received from the firm of Henry R. Worthington the following proposal, sent at the suggestion of the chairman of the water board in accordance with the recommendation of the city engineer, as above set forth: 'We beg leave to submit the following proposal: For $106,575 will furnish and erect the pumps, etc., ready for continuous service, whole to the satisfaction of the city engineer, and under such specifications as to details as may hereafter be agreed upon. Above price on assumption that we are to receive other engines and boilers on Elmwood street. Boilers according to specifications accompanying; also feeding apparatus. We guaranty 100,000,000 foot pounds with 100 pounds of coal. Also materials and labor shall be first-class, and equal to any other work furnished by us. We agree to complete work in eight months from date of signing contract.' On the same day the water board returned the following answer: 'Your proposal of April 24, 1885, to furnish high-service pumping plant for the city of Boston for the sum of one hundred and six thousand five hundred and seventy-five dollars ($106,575) is hereby accepted under the conditions that the detailed specifications and terms of the contract for the above-mentioned work shall be satisfactory to both parties concerned in the said proposal; it being understood that the present pumping plant at the Elmwood station is to be exchanged, as per the terms of your proposition.'

The 'other engines and boilers' and 'pumping plant' above referred to were the engines and machinery of the pumping station on Elmwood street, at the Highlands, that were to be discontinued, and consisted of one small, low-duty Worthington engine, made in 1878, and of the daily capacity of 3,000,000 gallons, and one engine and two boilers, made by the Boston Machine Company, said engine being made in 1870, and of the daily capacity of 1,800,000 gallons; all of the aggregate value of $3,500.

The distinguishing feature of the improved or high-duty Worthington engine was a 'high-duty' attachment, the patent for which was owned and used exclusively by the plaintiffs. This device, so far as the parties to this suit knew, was the only one, besides a fly-wheel, that secured high economy of steam and fuel by enabling the steam to be cut off from the cylinder at an early point in the stroke of the piston without causing a loss of speed; the effect of plaintiff's device and of the fly-wheel, together with the expansion of the steam left in the cylinder, being to carry the piston through the remainder of its stroke without loss of speed. It avoided the vibration on the water column incident to the use of a crank and fly-wheel, and could be used on the duplex low-duty Worthington engine, the motion of which was such that a fly-wheel could not be used with it. The duplex high-duty or low-duty Worthington engine was the only form of engine that secured an absolutely steady and regular flow of water, and whose steadiness and regularity of flow was in no way dependent on speed; and the low-duty duplex engine was, January 1, 1885, and ever since has been, manufactured by other parties besides the plaintiffs.

The plaintiffs had knowledge of the above ordinance requiring advertisement for proposals, but were informed by the chairman of the water board that the order of April 20, 1885, avoided any necessity of advertising in this instance; and on May 19, 1885, the board, in the name of, and claiming to act for, the defendant, and whose whole authority in the premises, if any it had, was derived from the orders, ordinances, and statutes referred to, and the plaintiffs' firm, without any advertisement for proposals, entered into a contract, the material portions of which were that Worthington should make and erect at Chestnut Hill reservoir two high-duty Worthington pumping engines, one of 10,000,000 and one of 5,000,000 gallons daily capacity, and the boilers and appurtenances for the same; that the defendant should pay the plaintiffs therefor the sum of $106,575, and the pumping machinery, boilers, and all their appurtenances then located in the Highland pumping station, and valued at $3,500, were to become the property of the contractors.

That agreement provided for payments to the contractors as follows: Twenty per cent. of the contract price to be paid when the steam cylinders of the engines were cast, 15 per cent. when the water cylinders were cast, 15 per cent. when the steam cylinders of the engines were bored and planed, 15 per cent. when both engines were erected, and 15 per cent. when the boilers and engines were delivered at the pumping station at Chestnut Hill reservoir in Boston; such payments not to be made nor demanded unless the work was progressing faithfully, and to the satisfaction of the city engineer. The balance of the money due the contractor was to be paid, and the pumping machinery at the Highland pumping station was to become the contractor's property, upon the completion of the entire work according to the terms of the agreement, and 'its connection to the high-service system of the city of Boston, all to the satisfaction of the said engineer.'

On the date of the execution of the agreement a bond in the sum of $25,000, with sureties, running to the city of Boston, was delivered to the water board to secure the faithful performance of the contract. This bond was accepted for the city by the board and attached to the contract, and, when this action was brought, was in possession of the city auditor.

The pumping engines and machinery called for by the contract were of a capacity required by the plans and specifications for the new high-service extension, and were capable of doing the work contemplated by the orders of December 23, 1884, and April 20, 1885. The expenditure for piping was less than the estimate therefor, and the entire amount expended and agreed to be expended for the new high-service extension by the water board did not exceed the whole sum appropriated for that purpose.

The plaintiffs, before the commencement of this action, had performed so much of the work described in the contract as entitled them to receive 65 per cent. of the contract price, and notified the defendant that they were ready and willing to deliver the engines and boilers and perform the remainder of the work described in the contract; but the defendant had refused to receive the same, or to pay any of the installments named in the contract, although requested so to do, and notified the plaintiffs that it would not allow said engines and boilers to be delivered, and would not pay for the same.

In the year 1877 the water board and Henry R. Worthington contracted for an engine, at a cost of $20,000, without advertising therefor, and the price stipulated therein was paid by the city.

Geo. F. Edmunds, for plaintiffs in error.

Andrew J. Bailey, for defendant in error.

Mr. Justice HARLAN, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the court.