Wikisource:WikiProject 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Style Manual

WikiProject 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

Entry titles
Capitalization of article titles: Multiple articles with the same name:
 * Capitalize title in title case, such as in "Eunuch Flute" instead of "Eunuch flute" or "EUNUCH FLUTE".
 * Warning: this convention has not been agreed upon.
 * This convention is not fully kept in the EB1911 project; many articles are created with sentence case ("Eunuch flute").
 * The original edition of EB1911 as seen in bitmap scans uses title case ("Eunuch Flute") to refer to its articles, which is apparent from its links between articles set in small-caps (such as "see " in the article "Jurisdiction").
 * EB sometimes has more than one article with the same name, examples being ABBOT, GEORGE and ABDERA. To ensure unique title of an article, add a distinguishing word or phrase in parentheses after the title, as in
 * Abbot, George (Archbishop) and Abbot, George (writer) or
 * Abdera (Spain) and Abdera (Thrace).
 * Leave the actual text of the article as in the original, so the page Abdera (Spain) begins:
 * ABDERA, an ancient seaport town on the south coast of Spain, ...
 * The word or phrase to be added is up to your discretion as an editor creating the article, but they should be based on the first few words of the article.
 * An alternative procedure is to use, if available, the page headings for the articles to distinguish them. For example, the two "Paul" articles are labeled "Paul, the Apostle" and "Paul (popes)" based on page headings.

Titles of nobility:
 * If a title of nobility such as "Count of", or any other information at the beginning, is not boldfaced but rather small-caps-typeset in the original, this should be included with the title of the article. An example: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Harcourt, Simon Harcourt, 1st Viscount.

Alphabetical listings
The alphabetical listing should be formatted and linked as in example 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 1:2. Note that the rules for alphabetical order have changed slightly over time. The original order should be used.

Heading

 * See also WikiProject 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Transclusion and 

All articles should have the header template, EB1911, at the top. The previous & next link should match the original source. The volume parameter should be filled in with the appropriate volume number (no leading zeros)

Many of the following comments apply to text generated by an OCR process, and especially text currently generated in page space.

Title
The raw text often lists the title entry as: AAGENSEN, ANDREW

This should be formatted as: AAGENSEN, ANDREW

A different format is used in many articles, which will be changed, but this format better represents the original work.

Shoulder headings
This creates a boxed out bit to the left similar to the headings used in the original text. Insert the template EB1911 Shoulder Heading just before the first word where the text is displaced by the heading.

...dignissim odio. Nunc mollis...

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Nam porta, lectus eu tristique pellentesque, risus nulla ornare erat, eu tincidunt neque purus ut neque. Vestibulum hendrerit dignissim odio. Nunc mollis facilisis tortor. Quisque blandit. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Phasellus ultricies risus non erat rhoncus auctor. Etiam blandit aliquet dui. Nullam rhoncus. Integer auctor, orci eu eleifend tristique, lacus est iaculis nibh, id porta turpis dolor vitae erat. Nunc id nisi vestibulum erat dignissim consequat. Nunc sagittis. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Nunc mollis facilisis tortor. Quisque blandit. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Phasellus ultricies risus non erat rhoncus auctor. Etiam blandit aliquet dui. Nullam rhoncus. Integer auctor, orci eu eleifend tristique, lacus est iaculis nibh, id porta turpis dolor vitae erat. Nunc id nisi vestibulum erat dignissim consequat. Nunc sagittis. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas.

Tables

 * see Style guide/Tables

See also the EB1911 article examples on this sub-page /Table examples

It may be that a page to be transluded contains more than one article and that you do not want to spend time editing a table in an article you do not intend to display. If so then to help the project by:
 * 1) comment out the text that makes up the table by placing   after it
 * 2) add  just before  ). When something is quoted like , it should be changed to  . Paired quotation marks can be generated by clicking the   in the selection of [symbol]s on the editing toolbar (while a pair of straight double quotes is available under [insert]).

Italics
Italicize foreign words or word origins themselves, but not the short English definition that sometimes follows the word sources.


 * As the Encyclopædia Britannica is intended to be a dictionary as well as a more exhaustive resource for words, there are etymologies listed for many entries, usually immediately after the title of the article. For example with raw text:

ABDUCTION (Lat. abductio, abducere, to lead away), a law term denoting the forcible or fraudulent removal of a  person, limited by custom to the case where a woman is the ... {more text of the article}

This entry lists the origin of the word "abduction" as coming from the Latin words "abductio" and "abducere". In this case (as as was originally done in the Encyclopædia Britannica text), these words should be italicized like this:

ABDUCTION (Lat. abductio, abducere, to lead away), a law term denoting the forcible or fraudulent removal of a  person, limited by custom to the case where a woman is the ... {more text of the article}

The æ and œ ligatures
The æ ligature should be used only when it was used in the original, such as with the name Encyclopædia Britannica, and the names of old English kings. Elsewhere, two separate letters should be used. DO NOT use it anywhere else. This standard was followed by the original editors of this work. The œ ligature is used in French-derived terms such as Cœur de Lion and manœuvre. The basic rule for editors is to carefully follow the orthography of the original work.

Small caps
If the original text shows a word in then use the template, or just  works too, or simply  found in the "Wiki markup" pallette toolkit at the bottom of the edit page. Note that for the abbreviations, &  use the "All small caps" template (for example, →) so the text appears as small-caps and copies as capitals.

Ranges
Ranges of years should be joined by an en-dash, although OCR processing produces a hyphen. You can get the right dash by clicking on the symbol in the Insert toolbar (below the editing box in article space; above it in page space). Some editors prefer to use the HTML entity code &amp;ndash; because it is easy for later editors to see that the character is not a hyphen, but convention for this project prefers using the character itself.

Other numeric ranges, such as page numbers, are variously represented in the printed volumes by en-dashes or short dashes (hyphens). For full fidelity, try to visually distinguish "pp. 123-125" from "pp. 123–125" (the date range "123–125" usually uses an en-dash). But little harm will come if you pick the wrong one.

Fine print
For some entries, some paragraphs appear in a smaller-size print than others. These paragraphs can be formatted by including their text in the template fine block:

"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Nam porta, lectus eu tristique pellentesque, risus nulla ornare erat, eu tincidunt neque purus ut neque. Vestibulum hendrerit dignissim odio."

If the block of text is large, then it may be clearer to place at the start of the block and  at the end. See also Transclusion § Fine print and Templates across page breaks.

Known problems:

An equals sign within the text may confuse the template as it can read the text before the equals sign as a parameter name. Three workarounds: either use the template  in place of the equals sign, lead the string with   (an unnamed parameter), or use the full-width equals sign ＝ (U+FF1D), which is a better match to the printed text anyway.

There can be a problem (although believed fixed now) using this template if the text block within the template spans a number of lines:

The first and last line of the block of text are placed on separate lines and not as expected as part of the block. To work around this problem simply place the start of the template and the end of the template on their own lines.

Fractions with a forward slash
Many of the more common fractions are available as unicode options.
 * Some of the common ones are available as glyphs in the edit option box "Maths and Logic": ¼ ½ ¾ ⅓ ⅔ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞
 * Other can be constructed from the options available in the edit option box "Super- and Sub-scripts" ⁰ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ₀ ₁ ₂ ₃ ₄ ₅ ₆ and a the slash sign (Solidus U+002F) eg ¹²³/₄₅₆.  If the slash looks too vertical compared to the glyphs then try the unicode fraction slash (U+2044) ⁄: ¹²³⁄₄₅₆ (see Unicode subscripts and superscripts).

There is also frac, displays common fractions using a fraction slash

Fractions with straight line
For fractions displayed like this or like this, see the howto documentation with the template.

See also:
 * — is a wrapper around this template, but with different default font size.  displayed like this $1 2⁄3$ or like this $1⁄250$
 * – another alternative that displayed like this or like this

Large braces
created with:


 * with parameters gives:  see Page:EB1911_-_Volume_03.djvu/242 for use in table

or
 * gives {{font-size|240%| } }}.

Centred decimal point
The printed encyclopaedia usually uses a centred (or middle) dot for a decimal point, like this: 2&middot;5. You can represent it using the HTML entity &amp;middot; (U+00B7) by choosing it from the "Symbols" palette. Or directly type the character using your favourite extended text input method (e.g. Alt-0183 in Windows). You can also just copy it from here:. (a few cases where a "low" decimal point is used include: Page:EB1911 - Volume 01.djvu/961)

Extended text entry
EB1911 contains some textual elements that the OCR process usually gets wrong, and are non-trivial to correct in the usual page editor. There are several techniques for entering them:
 * On Windows, if you know the Unicode value for a character, you can type it by holding down the ALT key and typing the code on the numeric keypad (not the keyboard's top row). Three-digit numbers require the leading zero. For example, é is (hold down ALT), keypad 0 2 3 3.
 * Latin characters are also on the various palettes available in the dropdown on the bar at the bottom of this page (article space) or at the top (page space) and can be added by a simple mouse-click.
 * On Windows 8, activate the on-screen keyboard and use press-and-hold to produce a palette of related characters. For example, press "e" with the mouse or touch, and you will be able to slide to the top left and release to produce é.

Some other specific notes:

Latin
Extended Latin characters, such as é or æ, can be entered in several ways.
 * On Windows, if you know the Unicode value for a character, you can type it by holding down the ALT key and typing the code on the numeric keypad (not the keyboard's top row). In some cases you need a leading zero; experiment to learn the right combination. For example, é is (hold down ALT), keypad 0 2 3 3. The æ ligature (see above) can be produced with ALT 0230 and œ with ALT 0156. For a Mac, hold down the Option key while pressing another key; for example the apostrophe key (Option-') for æ, and 'q' (Option-q) for œ.
 * Latin characters are also on the various palettes available in the dropdown on the bar at the bottom of this page (article space) or at the top (page space) and can be added by a simple mouse-click.
 * On Windows 8, activate the on-screen keyboard and use press-and-hold separate keys to produce a palette of related characters. For example, press "e" with the mouse or on the touchscreen, and you will be able to slide to the top left and release to produce é.

é (e-acute) is the only accented character that the OCR process consistently gets right. Take care to distinguish it from e-grave è.

The æ ligature (see above) can be produced with ALT 0230 and œ with ALT 0156. For a Mac, hold down the Option key while pressing another key; for example the apostrophe key (Option-') for æ, and 'q' (Option-q) for œ.

Greek
Use the Greek palette on the editing toolbar; it helps to have a rudimentary understanding of the Greek alphabet. Classical Greek text printed in 1911 used polytonic orthography; the multiple-diacritic entries are all available on the toolbar. In addition, wrap the text in the Greek template, not to produce the characters, but because it renders in a more authentic font that shows the diacritics better. Do not use italics for Greek text.

In addition to the Wikipedia article "Greek diacritics", unless you are familiar with ancient Greek, the online resources: will probably prove to be useful.
 * English-to-Greek Word Search Results
 * Greek Word Study Tool
 * William Smith (1890) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
 * William Smith A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology
 * William Smith (1854) Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography

Consider using transliteration for the Greek text (as used in the Gutenberg version of EB1911 e.g. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/33295/33295-h/33295-h.htm 'Centaurs' article). Just wrap the Greek template and text in a "span" statement including the English equivalent. e.g. &emsp;  will show as   (the English equivalent shows when you hover the mouse over the Greek word.) Just paste the Greek phrase into https://charlesloder.github.io/greekTransliteration/ to get the transliterated English.

Hebrew
Use the Hebrew palette. If you don't know the alphabet, match the characters by eye; take care to distinguish ד (dalet) from ר (resh); the original does not make a clear typographical distinction. Remember that a sequence of Hebrew characters will render right-to-left. Use the Hebrew template with small=y option to display the characters. e.g. &emsp;  displays as:   (shows transliteration when hovering over, use https://hebrewtransliteration.app). The diacritics are more visible in the high-resolution scans at archive.org e.g. archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri22chisrich/page/534
 * A Hebrew keyboard
 * A Hebrew keyboard with diacritics

Arabic
Arabic names are written in Latin text, so no special treatment is in general necessary. There are some language-specific vocalization marks, of which the most common looks like this: &#701;, a representation of Ayin. That is the Unicode character U+02BD "Modifier letter reversed comma" (note the way the line curls in a different direction from the open quote mark ‘).

Apostrophes
Use curly apostrophes ’, they are needed in Arabic and Hebrew words to distinguish them from the reversed commas &#701;. They sometimes occur in the same phrase e.g. baʽal ’ōbh’. Using curly apostrophes also help to avoid issues when used next the bold (') or italic () markup.

Degrees and minutes
Degrees and minutes are often used in articles to indicate a geographical location. Both are available on the "Math & logic" palette. The degree symbol ° can also be entered as ALT-0176, while the minutes symbol ′ (also called prime), is ALT-8242 (and also available on the Symbols palette). Do not use the ASCII apostrophe ' or acute accent for minutes.

Italics for math variables
There are Unicode symbols for italic characters, useful for pages with math formulas. Less cumbersome than using multiple italic tags. Also the Unicode 𝑎 shape is a better match for the print than using italics on the standard character a. 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 𝑜 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟 𝑠 𝑡 𝑢 𝑣 𝑤 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

Categories
A hierarchy of categories has been established for categorization of 1911 Encyclopædia articles. Many editors do not currently use categories, so inserting them should be viewed as very optional. While categorization seems a useful aspect of the project, it may be later in the project when it gets implemented more thoroughly.

To get an idea of what categories are available for a particular article, please consult this page: WikiProject 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Category hierarchy. Feel free to add to the hierarchy. Keep in mind that over 40,000 articles are going to be created for this project, so try and push articles as deep into the hierarchy as possible. An article can also belong to more than one category, and an individual category can have more than one "parent", but this is a good search tool.

To add a category, all you need to do is put the category name in brackets somewhere in the article. As of 2021, the default sort is the sub-page name, so usually no need to use the DEFAULTSORT tag.

The preferred location for this category name should be at the very beginning of the article, but that is only an editing convention. The MediaWiki software will allow you to put it just about anywhere in the article, even in the middle of a bunch of text.

Keep in mind that when using geographical terms, try to use naming conventions that existed in 1911, instead of the modern names of countries. Examples include Persia (now called Iran) and United Provinces (now called The Netherlands). If necessary, a list of these countries and their counterparts can be provided, but it should be obvious what the country was called in 1911 based on article content.

Subsequent thoughts on categories: A discussion can be found on the talk page proposing that the scheme actually constructed for EB1911 on its publication is adopted instead of this one. These categories (excluding the articles they relate to) can be found at 1911 Encyclop%C3%A6dia Britannica/Classified List of Articles.

Internal Wikisource links
Beyond the usage, mentioned in this section and "Images section" below, hyperlinks are generally not used within the body of Encyclopædia Britannica articles.

Linking to another EB1911 article
Within articles, there are often specific references to other EB1911 articles. These are noted by being in small caps or being followed by a (q.v.). These should be linked to the appropriate EB1911 article. For references in small caps, use. For words or names followed by a (q.v.), use. For many links, it is possible that the text used in the local article will be different from the text used to link to the target article. In such cases, the display name of the target article should follow the actual link as another parameter, for example  (lkpl=link plain). Leaving the hyperlinks redlinked is perfectly okay, as long as the spelling is correct: someone will enter the missing articles later.

Linking within an article
Some large articles will refer to other section or paragraphs within the same article. For example the lead section of "" contains the sentence "When, therefore, on the of August 1805, he learnt definitely that Villeneuve (see Naval operations below) had failed...".

It takes two steps to create such a link. At the target location in the text create an anchor point. There are two templates to do this and. To demonstrate, an anchor point has been placed at the beginning of this paragraph using the template with the syntax of. To link to that point create a link  which will display like this.

To hide the unsightly "#" use a pipe symbol:  which looks like this: link to demo.

This method can also be used to link to sections within other EB1911 articles using  as in this example   which displays as. It too can be altered to display alternative text by using a second parameter (as described in the previous section), like so:

Linking from an EB1911 article to an author in Author namespace
Another possibility for internal linking is for articles about people who are also Wikisource authors. In these cases, the article title can be linked to the author page, as in, which appears as: LINCOLN, ABRAHAM

In addition, although most articles were written anonymously, some have authors listed at the end of the sections which they wrote. If the article has the author's initials after a section, the initials should be linked to the appropriate author page (one can be created if a search does not show up anything appropriate, or just leave it as a red link). There is a template to help with this EB1911 footer initials.

For example Pierre Jean de Béranger has, at the end, an author attribution which can be added thus which appears so:

As an alternative this can also be constructed so  which appears so: (R. L. S.). — unlike the template the initials are not placed to the right of the window. This can be accomplished by surrounding the construction with the template.

Although most associated with the initial are fairly stable between volumes, authors and initials can sometimes differ between volumes. There is an alphabetic list at the start of each volume that can be viewed to find out from the initials in an article in a volume which author(s) wrote an article or a section in an article.

The EB1911 header contains two parameters to assist with linking to authors. See the template documentation for details:
 * Template:EB1911
 * Template:EB1911

To reference other articles in Wikisource, the  parameter of the EB1911 header template can be used. For example, the article Munkács uses this parameter to refer to a 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article using the parameter setting:

Linking from Author namespace to an EB1911 article
Some EB1911 articles may refer to people who are Wikisource authors. For such articles, you can link from the Wikisource author page to the EB1911 article using the EB1911 link template. Such a link should appear in a special section called "Works about ..." rather than in the "Works" section.

For example, the code for the Author:Tacitus article has the line:

which appears on the page as:



Links to Wikipedia
The header template has a default to link between the 1911 Encyclopedia and Wikipedia, as well as other Wikimedia projects. Please verify the links to Wikipedia. Names for persons on wikipedia go by rather than the convention with the 1911 Encyclopedia of,. Make the appropriate change as is necessary, using the "wikipedia" parameter. It may even be necessary to search Wikipedia for a related entry. If you are absolutely certain that the article is not on Wikipedia (please check first... really hard) it is suggested that you can use 1911 Encyclopedia content to begin a new Wikipedia article. Many of the current Wikipedia articles were started in exactly this fashion, and for names of obscure places or people (from a 21st Century viewpoint) it is likely that you will find an article on Wikipedia that is exactly word for word identical to 1911 Encyclopedia content.

Links to Wiktionary
EB1911 has an optional "other_projects" parameter which can be used to link to Wiktionary entries. This is useful for the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica articles which have substantial dictionary content. Some of these dictionary articles may not, and should not, have corresponding Wikipedia articles (for example, rung). In these cases, the "wikipedia" argument can be left blank, and only the "other_projects" argument filled in. Most of the time though, a 1911 article with dictionary content should have both a Wikipedia and a Wiktionary link.

As an example, to link to the Wiktionary article on store, the "other_projects" argument in EB1911 would be specified as:

Links from Wikipedia and Wiktionary
Finally, when you have gone through and put in the links to Wikipedia and Wiktionary, it is also suggested that you put in a link from Wikipedia and Wiktionary to the 1911 Encyclopaedia Project. This can be done with the following template that is supported on Wikipedia:



This appears as the box to the right of this paragraph which you see. When you put this template on a Wikipedia article, please be kind to the regular Wikipedians who are working on those articles. This should be placed at the bottom of the article, usually the External links section. For more information, visit the Wikipedia Sister Projects page. Sometimes it simply won't fit within the Wikipedia article at the bottom, so you may have to use some judgement: use the inline version (see immediately below) of the template and/or enlist the cooperation of Wikipedians who normally edit the article, particularly if it is a larger and more popular article with many recent changes.

The inline version of the template is used as follows:

In Wikipedia, this appears as follows:



In Wikipedia, this fits in as a normal reference citation, or in a list of external links; in lists, the template should be preceded by an asterisk ('*'). In Wikipedia, this template also has many other optional arguments see the template's documentation

If a Wikipedia article contains text copied from a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article on Wikisource, then to avoid accusations of plagiarism, clear attribution must be given in the Wikipedia article. This is done using the  template (which is similar to   but prepends attribution text. For details of how to avoid plagiarism with public domain text copied into a Wikipedia article see the Wikipedia plagiarism guideline and the   template documentation.

In Wiktionary, use:

The display is different, and the asterisk is automatically included (see Wiktionary:Template talk:PL:1911 for details and also information on placement).

When Project Gutenberg (through Distributed Proofreaders) is done with volumes 2 through 5, it is likely that a considerable portion of that content will not be on Wikipedia, or not in as high of quality in terms of typos and other problems. Still, tread lightly, and by no means should an existing article, even a stub, be deleted in favor of content from this Encyclopedia. If you need help with trying to format articles to Wikipedia standards (instead of just the style guide for this Encyclopedia project), feel free to make note of the name of the article in the Wikiproject discussion pages, or related pages that will be dealing with updating and correcting Wikipedia content generated by this project. (More about organizing that issue should be put here.)

Uploading images
Images for the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica should be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons rather than to Wikisource.

If the image that you are uploading is a direct scan from this edition, please use the copyright attribution tag.

If the image scan is from a source on Project Gutenberg, add, in addition to the Britannica tag, the tag.

The mentioned tags automatically put images to the category commons:Category:PD Britannica.

Formatting of images (simple)
Within article text, when an image is being used, there is often a caption that is included in the source text. Particularly with volume 1 of the Project Gutenberg archives, this caption text can often be right in the middle of a paragraph, sometimes interrupting a sentence midway like this:

These lay abbacies were not merely a question of overlordship, but implied the concentration in lay hands of all the rights, immunities and jurisdiction of the foundations, i.e. the more or less complete secularization of

Fig. 1 Walworth, the fourth abbot of St Alban's, c. 930, is charged by Matthew Paris with adopting the attire of a sportsman.

spiritual institutions. The lay abbot took his recognized...

Instead of interrupting the text like this, it is best to upload the image to Wikimedia Commons and then insert it into the article as a thumbnail at the beginning of the paragraph where this footnote is listed. A tag for this article could be inserted like this:



By making this a thumbnail instead of a "normal" image reference, it will display the text of the image caption within the article rather than just as an "ALT" text to the image (which it also does). Whether you put the image on the right or left is a matter of personal taste, but it would be generally recommended to be on the left as most navigation bars would tend to be on the right, and sometimes these images might interfere with the navigation boxes, appearing several paragraphs from the intended target, depending on which web browser the reader is using.

Formatting of images (using template)
Use of the File... markup forces a paragraph break. In the printed encyclopaedia, images are often floated left or right in the middle of a paragraph. For full fidelity, the image can be inserted in approximately the same place (depending on the rendered line breaks) using the Img float template. This uses an HTML "span" element to place the image.

The template can be placed on a line (or lines) of its own; there will still be no paragraph break.

(to be added as needed and when more image resources become known.)

Plates
If the image is a whole page (a plate) then there is an option. To use the djvu image use the raw image template: If the raw image is not clear enough and an alternative page image exists on Commons then the image can be imported in the usual manner:

No image
If you do not have access to the image, then remove the random characters that appear where the image should be and add the template

By default the missing image is placed in the center of the window. However on an EB1911 page it is often preferable to place the image to the left or the right of the text that follows the image. This table allows this to be done (To float to the left, change float:right; to float:left;). Lorem ipsum...

Endnotes

 * A very simplified explanation is given at Wikipedia:Help:Footnotes

Creation of endnotes or footnotes:
 * 1) Place a   ...   where the footnote reference number appears in an article—type the text of the note between the ref tags.
 * 2) Place the   tag at the end of the article or the footer of the  —the list of notes will be generated here. The Britannica style is to precede this listing with a rule when the end of the column is in fine print.  In a transcription, this corresponds to fine print at the end of the right column on a , or fine print at the end of an article.

Citing a footnote more than once: This is useful occasionally in Britannica transcriptions. To give a footnote a unique identifier, use  ...  . You can then refer to the same footnote again by using a ref tag with the same name. The name cannot be a number, or the extension will return an error. The ref name need not be placed within quotes unless it consists of more than one word (the wiki parser converts single word quoteless attribute values into validly quoted XHTML).

Only the first occurrence of text in a named ref will be used, although that occurrence may be located anywhere in the article. You can either copy the whole footnote, or you can use a terminated empty ref tag that looks like this:  . Such forward-slash-terminated named tags may precede the definition of the named reference.

Spreading a footnote over two Pages: This is useful rarely in Britannica transcriptions. On the first page to be transluded give the footnote a unique identifier, and for content just use what is on the first page. On the second page, use  ...   to enclose the portion of the footnote that is on the second page, and place the footnote at the beginning of the   body, directly followed by the rest of the   text. In the transcluded text both portions will be merged into a single note. For an example see the article "" and the two pages in volume 24 (Page 44 and Page 45).

Keeping footnotes in their original place: the  ...   can also be used to keep the footnotes wherever the footnotes appears in the original text—which makes OCR checking easier. Alter the original body of the text to include  at the point in the text that the note is to appear, and then at the bottom of the column (or wherever the text of the footnote appears in the original OCR text) use   ... >like this:

Warning for the  ...   to work both the initial embedded note and all of the footnote must appear in the transluded sections. This means that if footnote is spread over two pages, but the second portion is below the start of another article, then the second portion will not appear in the first article using this method.

An alternative to . Copy all of the footnote from the second page and place it next to the first part of the footnote surrounded with the template. The text when transluded will display in "article space" but it will not display in "page space". To complete the action, edit the second page (where the text initially appears), move the text down to the "footnote section" and surround the text with the template pair. The text will then display in page space but will not be included if the page is transluded into "article space".

Pagination
There are two choices for pagination.

If the article is transcluded, then the pagination is automatic. If the article is not formatted as a transclusion then a similar affect can be achieved using the following. At the top of the page (after the heading) add: ‹div class&#61;indented-page> Place the text on the next line down to the next page break then add the next page number. Do not embed it in the text inline but place it on its own line so that other editors can easily spot it. The automatic formatting of the text will embed the pagination point between words within a paragraph. repeat until the end of article then terminate with ‹/div>

For an example see an old version (before it was replaced by a transclusion) of 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Grillparzer, Franz:

GRILLPARZER, FRANZ (1791-1872), the greatest dramatic poet of Austria, was born in Vienna, on the 15th of January 1791. His father, severe, pedantic, a staunch upholder of the liberal traditions of the reign of Joseph II., was an advocate of some standing; his mother, a nervous, finely-strung woman, belonged to the well-known musical family of Sonnleithner. After a desultory education, Grillparzer entered in 1807 the university of Vienna as a student of jurisprudence; but two years later his father died ...

GRILLPARZER, FRANZ (1791-1872), the greatest dramatic poet of Austria, was born in Vienna, on the 15th of January 1791. His father, severe, pedantic, a staunch upholder of the liberal traditions of the reign of Joseph II., was an advocate

of some standing; his mother, a nervous, finely-strung woman, belonged to the well-known musical family of Sonnleithner. After a desultory education, Grillparzer entered in 1807 the university of Vienna as a student of jurisprudence; but two years later his father died ...

NB: The precise place where the page break occurs is not clear until a block copy is made. If text is marked for copying, if the block of highlighted text crosses a page break the page number will also be highlighted.

Transclusion and page boundaries
If the article consists of transcluded pages, then occasionally the format of the text between the end of one page and the start of the next may require special handling to make the article appear similar to the original, (for example if the next page starts with a new paragraph). See the sections:
 * Transclusion artefacts
 * Paragraph breaks at page breaks
 * Other page-crossing constructs

Breaking up into multiple pages
Several articles in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica are quite long, sometimes going over 100KB of text or even more, to over 1MB of raw text data. Both because it is easier to edit the article, and because it takes less time to load the content from the server, these articles should be broken up into multiple pages.

Keep in mind that you should still not add or delete text in the process of doing this. What should be done instead is to put a summary from the article (usually the first paragraph or so from the original source material), and then have "sub-articles" that are hyperlinked to the "parent article". In many cases there will even be titles for these sub articles directly in the text of the article itself that suggest clear subdivisions to the article. It may even be necessary to further sub-divide the articles into smaller sections if they are still over the 34K recommended limit. For further discussion on article length see the archives.

Example articles: United States, The and Boston, Massachusetts.