Webster Electric Company v. Splitdorf Electrical Company/Opinion of the Court

This writ brings up for review the decree of the court below in a patent suit (Splitdorf Electrical Co. v. Webster Electric Co., 283 Fed. 83), reversing a decree of the federal District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (Webster Electric Co. v. Podlesak, 255 Fed. 907), and directing a dismissal of the bill. Three patents were involved. The decision in respect of two of them turned upon the question whether a license contract between the patentees, Henry and Emil Podlesak, and petitioner, had the effect of precluding an assignment of patent rights made by the Podlesaks to respondent. But the petition upon which the writ was granted challenged the decision below only in respect of the third patent, and we are not called upon to consider the contentions now advanced as to the others. Alice State Bank v. Houston Pasture Co., 247 U.S. 240, 242, 38 Sup. Ct. 496, 62 L. Ed. 1096.

The bill alleges that the Splitdorf Electrical Company had infringed claims 7 and 8 of Kane patent, 1,280,105, issued September 24, 1918, for a rigid unitary and integral support for mounting the various parts of an electrical ignition device. The original application was filed by Kane February 2, 1910, on which patent No. 1,204,573 was granted November 14, 1916. On October 24, 1914, Kane endeavored to amend his application by introducing six claims copied from Milton's patent, issued May 12, 1914, for the purpose of securing an interference. The amendment was refused, and Kane was directed by the Examiner to file a divisional application, if he desired to contest an interference with Milton. This was done. The Webster Company, however, acquired the rights of both Milton and Kane, and through their attorneys conducted the proceedings for both sides in the Patent Office, resulting in an award of priority in favor of Kane.

Subsequently in 1915 Kane filed a divisional application, presenting nine additional claims, copied from Podlesak's patent No. 1,055,076, issued March 4, 1913, and reissue patent No. 13,878, dated February 9, 1915, all of which claims were ultimately decided in favor of the Podlesaks. Thereafter, on June 17, 1918, an amendment was filed embracing the new and broader claims here in question, which were allowed upon an exparte showing and, as already stated, patent issued September 24, 1918, to the petitioner, to whom all rights had been assigned. The original bill was filed in 1915, and claims 7 and 8 were brought into the suit by a supplemental bill filed October 25, 1918.

It will thus be seen that claims 7 and 8 were for the first time presented to the Patent Office, by an amendment to a divisional application eight years and four months after the filing of the original application, five years after the date of the original Podlesak patent, disclosing the subject-matter, and three years after the commencement of the present suit. A comparison of these claims, as set forth in the patent, with the claims in the original application, to say the least, leaves in doubt the question whether they were not so materially enlarged as to preclude their allowance on the original application. Railway Co. v. Sayles, 97 U.S. 554, 563, 24 L. Ed. 1053; Hobbs v. Beach, 180 U.S. 383, 396, 21 Sup. Ct. 409, 45 L. Ed. 586; Dunham v. Dennison Manufacturing Co., 154 U.S. 103, 110, 14 Sup. Ct. 986, 38 L. Ed. 924; Michigan Cent. R. Co. v. Consolidated Car-Heating Co., 67 Fed. 121, 126, 14 C. C. A. 232. But this aside, the evidence establishes to our satisfaction that Kane did not originally intend to assert these amended claims, because he considered their subject-matter one merely of design and not of invention, and the inference is fully warranted that the intention to do so was not entertained prior to 1918. During all of this time their subject-matter was disclosed and in general use, and Kane and his assignee, so far as claims 7 and 8 are concerned, simply stood by and awaited developments. We are not here dealing, therefore, with the simple case of a division of a single application for several independent inventions (Patent Office rules 41 and 42; Bennett v. Fowler, 8 Wall. 445, 448, 19 L. Ed. 431; American Laundry Machinery Co. v. Prosperity Company, Inc. [D. C.] 294 Fed. 144), but with a case of unreasonable delay and neglect on the part of the applicant and his assignee in bringing forward claims broader than those originally sought. The repeated assertion of interferences in narrower terms, resulting in delays incident to their determination, affords no just excuse for the failure to assert the broader claims, 7 and 8, at an earlier date. The subject-matter of these claims is not of such complicated character that it might not have been readily described in the original application or in one of the subsequent applications-in 1915, for example-as it was described in 1918, and the long delay of Kane and his assignee in coming to the point tends strongly to confirm the view that the final determination to do so was an exigent afterthought, rather than a logical development of the original application. We have no hesitation in saying that the delay was unreasonable, and, under the circumstances shown by the record, constitutes laches, by which the petitioner lost whatever rights it might otherwise have been entitled to.

We do not overlook the importance of not applying so narrowly the patent law as to discourage the inventor from exercising his creative genius, or the manufacturer or capitalist from assisting in the necessary work of bringing the invention into beneficial use; but it is no less important that the law shall not be so loosely construed and enforced as to subvert its limitations, and bring about an undue extension of the patent monopoly against private and public rights. In suits to enforce reissue patents, the settled rule of this court is that a delay for two years or more will 'invalidate the reissue, unless the delay is accounted for and excused by special circumstances, which show it to have been not unreasonable.' Wollensak v. Reiher, 115 U.S. 96, 101, 5 Sup. Ct. 1137, 1140 (29 L. Ed. 350). In that case it appeared that the reissue patent was issued to complainant December 26, 1882, upon the surrender of the original patent of March 10, 1874. The Patent Office decided that because of special circumstances the applicant was not guilty of laches; but this court held otherwise. The claims alleged to have been infringed were expansions of the original claims as embraced within the invention set forth in the original patent. This court (pages 99, 100 [5 Sup. Ct. 1139, 1140]) said:

'It follows from this that if, at the date of the issue of     the original patent, the patentee had been conscious of the      nature and extent of his invention, an inspection of the      patent, when issued, and an examination of its terms, made      with that reasonable degree of care which is habitual to and      expected of men, in the management of their own interests, in      the ordinary affairs of life, would have immediately informed      him that the patent had failed fully to cover the area of his      invention. And this must be deemed to be notice to him of the     fact, for the law imputes knowledge when opportunity and      interest, combined with reasonable care, would necessarily      impart it.

'Not to improve such opportunity, under the stimulus of     self-interest, with reasonable diligence, constitutes laches      which in equity disables the party, who seeks to revive a      right which he has allowed to lie unclaimed, from enforcing      it to the detriment of those who have, in consequence, been      led to act as though it were abandoned.

'This general doctrine of equity was applied with great     distinctness to the correction of alleged mistakes in      patents, by reissues, in the case of Miller v. Brass Company,      104 U.S. 350. It was there declared, that where the mistake     suggested was merely that the claim was not as broad as it      might have been, it was apparent upon the first inspection of      the patent, and, if any correction was desired, it should      have been applied for immediately; that the granting of a      reissued for such a purpose, after an unreasonable delay, is      clearly an abuse of the power to grant reissues, and may      justly be declared illegal and void; that, in reference to      reissues made for the purpose of enlarging the scope of the      patent, the rule of laches should be strictly applied, and no      one should be relieved who has slept upon his rights, and has thus led the public to rely on      the implied disclaimer involved in the terms of the original      patent; and that when this is a matter apparent on the face      of the instrument, upon a mere comparison of the original      patent with the reissue, it is competent for the courts to      decide whether the delay was unreasonable and whether the      reissue was, therefore, contrary to law and void.

'This doctrine has been reiterated in many cases since, and     at the present term has been reconsidered and emphatically      repeated as the settled law, in the case of Mahn v. Harwood,      112 U.S. 354, where it is said, by Mr. Justice Bradley,      delivering the opinion of the court:

'We repeat, then, if a patentee has not claimed as much as he     is entitled to claim, he is bound to discover the defect in a      reasonable time, or he loses all right to a reissue; and if      the Commissioner of Patents, after the lapse of such      reasonable time, undertakes to grant a reissue for the      purpose of correcting the supposed mistake, he exceeds his      power, and acts under a mistaken view of the law; and the      court, seeing this, has a right, and it is its duty, to      declare the reissue pro tanto void, in any suit founded upon      it.' It was also there said that, while no invariable rule      can be laid down as to what it reasonable time within which      the patentee should seek for the correction of a claim which      he considers too narrow, a delay of two years, by analogy to      the law of public use before an application for a patent,      should be construed equally favorable to the public, and that      excuse for any longer delay than that should be made manifest      by the special circumstances of the case.'

In Ives v. Sargent, 119 U.S. 652, 661, 7 Sup. Ct. 436, 30 L. Ed. 544, the duty of the patentee to examine his letters patent within a reasonable time to ascertain whether the latter fully covered his invention was reiterated. And where this was neglected for a period of three years, when, finding the real invention had been infringed, but without infringing the patent as originally granted, an application for a reissue was made and allowed, it was held that the patentee was guilty of laches and the reissue came too late. The doctrine of Wollensak v. Reiher was restated (page 662 [7 Sup. Ct. 441]), to the effect that, while no invariable rule can be laid down, a delay of two years, by analogy to the law of public use before an application for a patent, will be fatal, unless excuse for a longer delay shall be made manifest by the special circumstances of the case. See, also, Topliff v. Topliff and Another, 145 U.S. 156, 12 Sup. Ct. 825, 36 L. Ed. 658; Wollensak v. Sargent, 151 U.S. 221, 14 Sup. Ct. 291, 38 L. Ed. 137.

While the analogy between the case of a reissue patent and that of copying for interference is not always an exact one, it is sufficiently so, as applied to the present case, to make these decisions pertinent, and the principle which they announce is controlling. We brought this case here by certiorari because of the claim that the decision of the Court of Appeals rested primarily on Chapman v. Wintroath, 252 U.S. 126, 40 Sup. Ct. 234, 64 L. Ed. 491; and the contention was that the opinion there had been misunderstood and misapplied. The question as thus presented was important, and one which it was thought should be authoritatively determined. The court below finally put its decision substantially on the ground which we have stated as the basis of our conclusion, but before doing so it said (Splitdorf Electrical Co. v. Webster Electric Co., 283 Fed. 93):

'Appellants contend, however, and we agree with the courts     that have passed upon the question, that the effect of the      holding [in the Wintroath Case] is to fix the period during      which such application must be filed at two years from the      date of the issuance of the other patent. No other deduction     can fairly or logically be drawn from the discussion of the      question in that opinion.'

But Chapman v. Wintroath is not to be so narrowly construed. The facts of the case were: The Chapmans filed their application in 1909. The invention was a complicated one and the application met with much difficulty in the Patent Office, and, though regularly prosecuted, no patent had been issued in 1915 when the controversy arose. Wintroath filed an application in 1912. His invention was also elaborate and intricate. Twenty months after this latter application, the Chapmans filed a divisional application, in which the claims of the Wintroath patent were copied and an interference was declared. The Examiner, without hearing evidence, entered judgment in favor of Wintroath on the ground that the failure of the Chapmans to present the interference issue for more than a year after the date of the Wintroath patent constituted laches, and that they were estopped. This decision was reversed by the Commissioner of Patents, and his decision, in turn, was reversed by the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, that court holding that the one-year period should apply, on the ground that the divisional application was to be regarded substantially as an amendment to the parent application, and that it would be inequitable to permit a longer time than that allowed by R. S. § 4894 (Comp. St. § 9438), for further prosecution of an application after office action. This court, in reversing the decision of the Court of Appeals, referred to section 4886, as amended by Act March 3, 1897, c. 391, 29 Stat. 692 (Comp. St. § 9430), and sections 4887, 4897, and 4920 of the Revised Statutes (Comp. St. §§ 9431, 9443, 9466), all of which contain provisions for a time limit of two years for filing applications, and said (page 136 [40 Sup. Ct. 236]):

'Thus through all of these statutes runs the time limit of     two years for the filing of an application, there is no      modification in any of them of the like provision in Rev. Stats. § 4886, as amended, and no distinction is made between     an original and a later or a divisional application, with      respect to this filing right.'

If this were all, it might justify the conclusion that a hard and fast time limit of two years is to be applied in every case of a divisional application. But a reading of the entire opinion demonstrates that this conclusion is erroneous. The court proceeds to say that divisional applications are not to be dealt with in a hostile spirit, but are to be—

'favored to the extent that, where an invention clearly     disclosed in an application *  *  * is not claimed therein, but      is subsequently claimed in another application, the original      will be deemed a constructive reduction of the invention to      practice and the later one will be given the filing date of      the earlier, with all of its priority of right.'

Reference is made to Wollensak v. Reiher, supra, and other reissue cases, which, as we have seen, adopt the two-year time limit by analogy to the law of public use before application for patent, and, while it is not said in terms, the plain import of the citation of and reliance upon these cases is that the effect of the two years' delay, as recognized in those cases, may be overcome where it 'is accounted for and excused by special circumstances which show it to have been not unreasonable,' and, properly understood, there is nothing in the opinion to the contrary.

Our conclusion, therefore, is that in cases involving laches, equitable estoppel or intervening private or public rights, the two-year time limit prima facie applies to divisional applications and can only be avoided by proof of special circumstances justifying a longer delay. In other words, we follow in that respect the analogy furnished by the patent reissue cases.

Affirmed.