Vance v. Vance, Executrix/Opinion of the Court

This is a writ of error to the supreme court of Louisiana. In a proceeding in the state court of Louisiana the plaintiff in error recovered a judgment against the defendant in error, as executrix of the succession of her husband, S. W. Vance, for the sum of about $75,000, due from him to plaintiff in error as her natural tutor. The sum thus found due was the result of an accounting concerning this tutorship during the period between October 15, 1859, and May 18, 1877. Article 354 of the Civil Code of Louisiana, in force when this tutorship began, says: 'The property of the tutor is tacitly mortgaged in favor of the minor, from the day of the appointment of the tutor, as security for his administration, and for the responsibility which results from it.' The court of probate, which adjusted this account, decreed in favor of the plaintiff in error that her mortgage privilege for the sums and interest found due her be recognized on all the lands owned by Samuel W. Vance, the deceased tutor, on and after the fifteenth day of October, 1859. From this branch of the decree certain creditors of the deceased tutor, who had been permitted to intervene, appealed to the supreme court of the state, and that court reversed the decree of the probate court by deciding against the existence of this mortgage privilege. The ground on which this privilege was denied is found in article 123 of the constitution of the state of Louisiana, adopted in April, 1868, which is as follows:

'The general assembly shall provide for the protection of the     rights of married women to their dotal and paraphernal      property, and for the registration of the same; but no      mortgage or privilege shall hereafter affect third parties,      unless recorded in the parish where the property to be      affected is situated. The tacit mortgages and privileges now     existing in this state shall cease to have effect against      third persons after the first of January, 1870, unless duly      recorded. The general assembly shall provide by law for the     registration of all mortgages and privileges.'

The legislature did pass the act of March 8, 1869, No. 95: 'To carry into effect article 123 of the constitution, and to provide for recording all mortgages and privileges.' Session Acts 1869, p. 114. Section 11 reads: 'That it shall be the duty of the clerks of the district  courts of the several parishes in this state to make out   an abstract of the inventory of the property of all   minors whose tutors have not been required by law to   give bond to their tutorship, such abstract to describe   the real property, and give the full amount of the   appraisement of all the property, both real and   personal, and rights and credits, and to deposit such   abstracts with the recorders of the several parishes,   whose duty it shall be to record the same as soon as   received in the mortgage-book of their parish; such   abstracts to be made out and deposited with the   recorders by the first day of December, 1869, and   recorded by the first day of January, 1870. This section  to apply only to tutorship granted before the passage of   this act, and any failure of the clerks or recorders to   perform the service required by this section shall   subject them to any damages that such failure may cause   any person, and shall further subject them to a fine of   not less than one hundred nor more than one thousand   dollars, for the benefit of the public school fund, to   be recovered by the district attorney or district   attorney pro tem. before any court of competent  jurisdiction. Such abstracts, when recorded in any  parish in which the tutor owns mortgageable property,   shall constitute a mortgage on the said tutor's property   until the final settlement and discharge of the tutor. The fees for making out and recording such abstracts  shall be the same as the fees prescribed for the clerks   and recorders for other similar services, and shall be   paid on demand by the tutor, or, if the minors have   arrived at the age of majority, by them; and if no   responsible person can be found, then any property owned   by the minors for whose benefit such services were   performed, shall be sold to pay the same; and if no   person or property be found to pay the same, then the   parish shall pay the same, and have recourse against the   person or property of any person for whose benefit the   services were performed.'

The case comes to this court on the proposition that, as thus construed, the constitution and statute of Louisiana impair the obligation of her contract with her tutor concerning his duty to account for her estate in his hands, and also violate the provision of section 1, art. 14, of the amendments to the constitution of the United States.

The view of the supreme court of Louisiana on this matter is very clearly presented in the following extract from its opinion in the case:

'Waiving the question (which is certainly a debatable one)     whether or not the obligations and mortgages existing against      the natural tutor in favor of his ward arise or spring from      contracts, we think the plaintiff's argument untenable, in      that it assumes that article 123 destroyed or impaired      plaintiff's mortgage obligation in the sense of the      constitution of the United States. Had the article simply     declared the abolition and extinction eo instanti of all      tacit mortgages, there would have been the case presented by      plaintiff's argument. But it did nothing of the sort. It     fixed a future day, reasonably distant, and declared that      such mortgages would perempt, prescribe, or cease to exist as      to third persons unless recorded by that date.

'It is in its nature a statute of limitations. The right of     the state to prescribe the time within which existing rights      shall be prosecuted, and the means by and conditions on which      they may be continued in force, is, we think, undoubted. Otherwise, where no term of prescription exists at the     inception of a contract, it would continue in perpetuity, and      all laws fixing a limitation upon it would be abortive. Now,     it is elementary that the state may establish, alter,      lengthen, or shorten the period of prescription of existing      rights, provided that a reasonable time be given in future      for complying with the statute.' See Cooley, Const. Lim. 376;     Story, Coust. p. 236, § 1385.

These observations seem to us eminently just. The strong current of modern legislation and judicial opinion is against the enforcement of secret liens on property. And, in regard to real property, every state in the Union has enacted statutes holding them void against subsequent creditors and purchasers, unless they have actual notice of their existence, or such constructive notice as arises from registration.

The constitution of Louisiana introduced this principle, and did it with due regard to existing contracts. It did not change, defeat, or impair the obligation of the tutor to perform that contract. It did not take away or destroy the security which existed by way of lien on the tutor's property, nor as between the tutor and the ward did it make any change whatever. But it said to the latter:

'You have a secret lien, hidden from persons who are dealing     every day with the tutor on the faith of this property, and      in ignorance of your rights. We provide you a way of making     those rights known by a public registration of them which all      persons may examine, and of which all must take notice at      their peril. We make it the duty of officers having charge of     the offices where the evidence of your claim exists to make      this registration. We make it your duty also to have it done. We give you a reasonable time after this constitution is     passed and after the enabling statute is passed to have this      registration made. If it is not done within that time your     debt remains a valid debt, your mortgage remains a valid      mortgage, but it binds no one who acquires rights after that      in ignorance of your mortgage, because you have not given the      notice which the law required you to give.'

We think that the law, in requiring of the owner of this tacit mortgage, for the protection of innocent persons dealing with the obligor, to do this much to secure his own right, and protect those in ignorance of those rights, did not impair the obligation of the contract, since it gave ample time and opportunity to do what was required, and what was eminently just to everybody.

The authorities in support of this view are ample.

Perhaps the case most directly in point is one in this court, namely, Curtis v. Whitney, 13 Wall. 68. That was a case like this, arising out of a statutory contract to which the legislature, by a law enacted after it was made, added, as in this, the duty of giving notice. Curtis purchased at a public sale for delinquent taxes a tract of land, and received from the proper officer a certificate, which by law authorized her to obtain a deed at the end of three years, if the land was not redeemed, by paying the amount of the bid and interest. After this sale, and before the end of the three years, the state passed an act that, where any person was found in the actual occupancy of the land, the deed should not issue unless a written notice had been served on the owner of the land or on the occupant, by the holder of the tax certificate, at least three months prior thereto, and it was made applicable to past sales as well as future. Mrs. Curtis applied for and obtained her deed without giving this notice, and when she brought suit to quiet the title so acquired, the supreme court of Wisconsin decided her deed void for want of it. The case was brought to this court on the ground that the statute of Wisconsin requiring this notice impaired the obligation of the contract evidenced by the certificate of sale; but this court held that it did not. That the case is very like the one before us in obvious. The court said:

'That the statute is not void because it is retrospective has     been repeatedly held by this court, and the feature of the      act of 1867, which makes it applicable to certificates      already issued for tax sales, does not of itself conflict      with the constitution of the United States. Nor does every     statute which affects the value of a contract impair its      obligations. It is one of the contingencies to which parties     look now in making a large class of contracts, that they may      be affected in many ways by state and by national      legislation. For such legislation demanded by the public     good, however it may retroact on contracts previously made,      and enhance the cost and difficulty of performance, or      diminish the value of such performance to the other party,      there is no restraint in the federal constitution so long as      the obligation of performance remains in full force. In the     case before us the right of the plaintiff is not taken away,      nor the time when she would be entitled to it postponed. * *      * The right to the money or the land remains, and can be      enforced whenever the party gives the requisite legal notice. The authority of the legislature to frame rules by which the     right of redemption may be rendered effectual, cannot be      questioned, and among the most appropriate and least      burdensome of these is the notice required by the statute.'

In the case of Louisiana v. New Orleans, 102 U.S. 202, the supreme court of the state refused the relator a writ of mandamus to enforce a levy of taxes to pay a judgment against the city, on which an execution had been issued and a * return of nulla bona made. The supreme court denied the writ because the relator had not registered his judgment with the proper officer of the city, under a statute which required such registry in order that proper levy of taxes might be made and judgments paid in their proper order. The case was brought to this court on the proposition that the statute which was enacted after relator's contract was made was an impairment of its obligation within the meaning of the constitution of the United States. But this court held that the registry of these judgments was 'a convenient mode of informing the city authorities of the extent of the judgments, and that they have become executory, to the end that proper steps may be taken for their payment. It does not impair existing remedies.'

In Jackson v. Lamphire, 3 Pet. 289, court said:

'It is within the undoubted power of state legislatures to     pass recording acts, by which the elder grantee shall be      postponed to a younger, if the prior deed is not recorded      within the limited time; and the power is the same whether      the deed is dated before or after the recording act. Though     the effect of such a law is to render the prior deed      fraudulent and void against a subsequent purchaser, it is not      a law impairing the obligation of contracts. Such, too, is     the power to pass acts of limitation, and their effect. Reason and sound policy have led to the general adoption of     laws of both descriptions, and their validity cannot be      questioned.'

And this language is reproduced with approval in the case of Curtis v. Whitney, above referred to.

The decisions in regard to the statute of limitation are full to the same purpose, and, as the supreme court of Louisiana says, this is a statute of limitation, giving a reasonable time within which the holder of one of these secret liens may make it public, otherwise it will be void against subsequent purchasers and creditors without notice.

The case of Terry v. Anderson, 95 U.S. 628, presents, in the terse language of the chief justice of this court, both the rule, the reason for it, and the limitation which the constitutional provision implies. This court, he says, 'has often decided that statutes of limitation affecting existing rights are not unconstitutional, if a reasonable time is given for the enforcement of the action before the bar takes effect.' He adds, in reference to the case the before the court, which was a South Carolina statute of limitation, passed since the civil war:

'The business interests of the entire people of the state had     been overwhelmed by a calamity common to all. Society     demanded that extraordinary efforts be made to get rid of old      embarrassments, and permit a reorganization upon the basis of      the new order of things. This clearly presented a case for     legislative interference within the just inferences of      constitutional limitations. For this purpose the obligations     of old contracts could not be impaired, but their prompt      enforcement could be insisted upon, or an abandonment      claimed. That, as we think, has been done here, and no more.'

And Jackson v. Lamphire is again cited with approval.

The same principle is asserted in the case of Koshkonong v. Burton, at the last term, 104 U.S. 668. Other cases in this court are Hawkins v. Barney's Lessee, 5 Pet. 457; Sohn v. Waterson, 17 Wall. 596; Sturges v. Crowninshield, 4 Wheat. 122.

It is urged that because the plaintiff in error was a minor when this law went into operation, it cannot affect her rights. But the constitution of the United States, to which appeal is made in this case, gives to minors no special rights beyond others, and it was within the legislative competency of the state of Louisiana to make exception in their favor or not. The exemptions from the operation of statutes of limitations, usually accorded to infants and married women, do not rest upon any general doctrine of the law that they cannot be subjected to their action, but in every instance upon express language in those statutes giving them time, after majority or after cessation of coverture, to assert their rights. No such provision is made here for such exception, but, in place of it, the legislature has made it the duty of the proper officer of the court to act for them. It was also the duty of the under tutor appointed in this case.

If the foregoing considerations be sound, they answer also effectually the suggestion in regard to the fourteenth amendment of the constitution of the United States.

We see no error in the record of the case of which this court has jurisdiction, and the decree of the supreme court of Louisiana is affirmed.