User:Klarm768/Sandbox01


 * test page Imperialdictiona03eadi Brandeis Vol3b.pdf/606

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crucify him," and when Christ is supposed to say to the disconsolate women, "Weep not for me, ye daughters of Israel;" also, "St. Paul shaking the viper from his linger;" "Christ Healing the Sick in the Temple;" and "Death on the Pale Horse; "besides many others, though less in dimensions not of less celebrity, as the "Battle of La Hogue," and the "Death of General Wolfe." The last composition, painted twice by West, the picture at Hampton court being a repetition of the Grosvenor example, created a wholesome revolution in the matter of costume in English art. Our officers were till then painted as Greek and Roman heroes, under the false impression that to encase a hero in a coat and trousers was an absurdity. A judge of the high position of Sir Joshua Reynolds objected to West's Innovation of representing men in their own clothes, at first; but when he saw the picture finished, he admitted his error. To see a man in any but his own clothes, would now be extremely ridiculous. West has rather fallen in reputation, than otherwise, of late years. His works are heavy and monotonous, especially in colour and in expression; but he enjoyed a very high reputation among his contemporaries as a historical painter.—(See Gait's Life and Studies of Benjamin West, &c., which contains also some Discourses delivered by the painter.)—R. N. W.

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WEST,, son of the well-known editor of Pindar, was born in 1715. After an education at Eton and Oxford, he entered the army as a cornet of horse, through the influence of his uncle, Lord Cobham, and seems soon to have become sceptical in opinion. He was then private secretary to Lord Townshend, and was at Osnaburg when George I. died there. In 1729 he obtained the reversion of a clerkship in the privy council, and succeeded to the office itself in 1752. His friend Pitt made him also treasurer of Chelsea hospital. Afterwards he spent the most of his time in lettered leisure at Wickham, where he was often visited by Littleton and Pitt (Lord Chatham), and there Littleton received those convictions which led to his Observations on the Conversion of St. Paul. West's mind had at length, and seriously, turned to Christianity. Its truths and hopes delighted him, and in 1747 appeared his famous "Observations on the Resurrection of Jesus Christ"—an argument specially directed against Woolston, Tindal, and others. The proofs are carefully and powerfully wrought out, and the harmony of the various accounts in the gospels is ingenious and thoughtful. The work at once attracted attention, and the university of Oxford gave him the degree of doctor of laws. His spirited version of the Odes of Pindar was published in 1749. He also wrote some English poems—"The Institution of the Garter," and "Imitations of Spencer." Not many months after the death of his only son he was struck with palsy, and died on the 26th March, 1756. "He was one of the few poets," Samuel Johnson says, "to whom the grave might be without its ten-ors." "Gilbert West," says the same critic, "is one of the writers of whom I regret my inability to give a sufficient account."—J. E.

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WEST,, an English antiquarian, the son of Richard West of Alscott, Warwickshire, was educated at Oxford. He was elected F.S.A. and F.R.S. in 1726, became joint-treasurer to the Royal Society in 1736, and president in 1738. He was returned to parliament for St. Albans in 1741, and was appointed one of the joint-secretaries to the treasury. He made an excellent collection of MSS. and curiosities, the former of which are now amongst the Lansdowne MSS. in the British museum. He died on the 2nd of July, 1772.—F.

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WEST,, an eminent English lawyer, who became lord-chancellor of Ireland in 1725, and whose son's name frequently occurs in the published correspondence of Walpole, and in Mason's life of Gray. The Lord-chancellor West died on the 3rd of December, 1726. He was author of "A Discourse concerning Treason and Bills of Attainder," 1714; "An Inquiry into the Manner of Creating Peers;" some papers contributed to the Freethinker, and, as some say, a tragedy called "Hecuba."—F.

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WEST,, an English topographer, was born about 1716. He was educated in one or other of the continental universities, and before his return home, was for some time professor of natural philosophy. He is chiefly known as the author of a history of Furness, 1774; and of a "Guide to the Lakes of Westmoreland," &c. He died July 10, 1779.—F.

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WESTALL,, R.A., was born at Hertford in 1765. He was apprenticed to an engraver of heraldry, &c., but towards the close of his apprenticeship he was allowed to enter himself as a student in the Royal Academy, with a view to the adoption of painting as a profession. His first pictures were historical subjects, very highly finished in water colours. He afterwards painted many large oil pictures, but they were smooth and tame in manner, and never very popular. "Nelson attacking a Spanish Launch," in Greenwich hospital; and "The Wild Huntsman," the property of her majesty—which were in the International Exhibition of 1862—may be cited as examples of his pencil. He was most popular as a designer of book illustrations, of which he executed a vast number; but, probably from making so many designs without recurring to nature, and with insufficient study, he in his later years became a confirmed mannerist. Of his early designs, among the chief were the illustrations to the Milton and Shakspeare of Alderman Boydell; the Prayer Book, &c.: among his later, the illustrations to editions of Crabbe, Campbell, Moore, &c. Mr. Westall gave instruction in design to her majesty, then Princess Victoria. He was elected A.R.A. in 1792; R.A. 1794. He died December 4, 1836.—J. T—e.

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WESTALL,, A.R.A., born at Hertford in 1781, was the younger brother and pupil of Richard Westall, R.A. In 1801 he was appointed draughtsman to the expedition of discovery, commanded by Captain Flinders. He was in the Porpoise when it was wrecked off the north coast of Australia, was carried to China by the vessel which took him off the reef, and afterwards visited the interior of India. After his return to England he made a voyage to the West Indies. Returning in 1808, he opened an exhibition of the sketches and drawings made in his travels; but it proved unsuccessful. In 1810, on the return of Captain Flinders to England, Westall was employed by the government to prepare his sketches for engraving, to accompany the account of Flinders' voyage. Westall was elected A.R.A. in 1812. He exhibited scenes in Australia, &c., painted in oil, but his water-colour drawings were more popular. He was, however, most engaged in making drawings for engraving: chief among them were the views in the Lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland, in Yorkshire, Oxford and Cambridge, the Isle of Wight, &c. He died January 22, 1850.—J. T—e.

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WESTERMANN,, a leading jacobin in the early period of the French revolution, was born in 1764 at Molsheim in Alsace. The son of an attorney, his education was neglected, and his strong passions at first found vent in dissipation, until the outbreak of the Revolution gave a new direction to his exuberant energy. He became at once a revolutionist of the most flagrant character, and an active instigator of the cause in Alsace. He was arrested and prosecuted in the time of the constituent assembly, but was acquitted. Settling then in Paris, he joined the jacobin club, and became closely connected with Danton. He bore a conspicuous part in the terrible attack on the Tuileries made by the sans culottes on the 10th of August, 1790. The skill with which he commanded his ragged followers, and his impetuous fury, made him the hero of the day. His military qualities were recognized and rewarded by the rank of adjutant-general, and by being appointed on a mission to Dumouriez, whom he accompanied into Belgium. During his absence from Pans enemies charged him before the convention with theft and other misdemeanours, but the matter was allowed to drop. After the defection of Dumouriez, Westermann was accused of being accessory to that general's treason. Again the accusation fell to the ground, and the terrible jacobin was sent on military service into La Vendee, where he vindicated his republicanism by conflicts with the unhappy royalists so sanguinary and ferocious as to obtain for himself the epithet of butcher. The reckless impetuosity which often gave him the victory, not seldom led him into false positions. Twice he took Chatillon, and was twice expelled from it, not, however, the last time, until he had set the town on fire. He was tried before a military tribunal for his failures here, acquitted, and restored to his command. At length, at Mans and Savenai, he destroyed the last hopes of the Vendeans. Presenting himself before the convention at Paris on the 3rd of January, 1794, with the priestly spoils of the bishop of Agra, he said, in the boastful way usual with him, that not a single combatant was left of the whole catholic army. "Chiefs, officers, soldiers, bishops, princesses, countesses, marchionesses, all," said he, "have perished by the sword, or in the waves; with my own hand I have killed the last of the Vendeans." As he spoke, enemies no less sanguinary than himself were plotting his destruction. The struggle for supremacy in the dark Reign of Terror, brought Danton and his friends into the merciless power of Robespierre and the


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of public safety. Westermann had proposed to march upon the committee and forcibly seize the reins of power, but Danton, thinking that his rival dare not take his life, restrained the Vendean butcher. On the 5th April, 1794, Westermann and his friends were condemned to death, and promptly guillotined. Fearful memories of the blood he had shed visited him in his last hours. He was forty years old when he died.—R. H.


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.WESTMACOTT,, R.A., was born in London in 1775. He learned the use of the chisel from his father, a sculptor of reputation, and at the age of eighteen went to Rome, where he completed his studies under Canova. His Italian career was a brilliant one. In 1794 he gained the first prize for sculpture, given by the Academy of Florence; and in 1795 the gold medal given by the pope, through the Academy of St. Luke, Rome, for a bas-relief of "Joseph Sold into Captivity by his Brethren." Shortly after his return to London he was employed to superintend the arrangement of the Townley Marbles. His contributions to the Academy exhibitions placed him among the foremost of the rising sculptors of England. He was elected A.R.A. in 1805, and R.A. in 1811. Thenceforward his career was one of steady prosperity. His imaginative works, without exciting enthusiasm, were generally admired. Many were of the usual "classical" order, but he also produced several of a kind which appealed more directly to people's ordinary feelings, and which might, had not his attention been directed to more immediately profitable commissions, have secured him a higher reputation as an original sculptor; such were The Homeless Wanderer," "Devotion," &c. But during his busiest days Westmacott's chief occupation was on monuments and portraiture. The well-known colossal bronze Achilles, as it is called—erected in Hyde Park at a cost of £10,000 by the ladies of England in honour of the duke of Wellington—was copied by Westmacott from the famous statue on the Monte Cavallo at Rome. Among his monumental groups, the most admired for its simplicity and pathos is that of Mrs. Warren and her child in Westminster abbey. The monuments of Collingwood, Sir Ralph Abercromby, and several others, erected at the public expense in St. Pali's, are by him: as are also the statues of the duke of York, on the York column; Fox in Bloomsbury Square; the duke of Bedford in Russell Square; portions of the frieze on the Marble Arch, and the alto-rilievo in the pediment of the British museum. In 1827 he succeeded Flaxman as professor of sculpture at the Royal Academy. He was knighted in 1837, soon after which he retired from professional practice. He died on 1st September, 1856. Sir Richard Westmacott was not a sculptor of genius, but rather an accomplished artist—a man of cultivated habits and refined taste. His works, therefore, if never great, are almost always pleasing.—J. T—e.

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 * Asterisk indicates a subject who was thought to be living at the time of composition. [sic] WESTMACOTT,, R.A., son and scholar of Sir Richard Westmacott, was born in London in 1799. He became a student of the Royal Academy in 1818. In 1820 he went to Italy, where he spent six years. Westmacott has followed with some closeness in his father's footsteps. He has executed poetic statues, groups, and rilievi, having, as in the "Ariel," a general similarity of style, but with even more refinement; whilst later works, as "Prayer and Resignation," the "Angel Watching," &c., show more of a devotional tendency. Some bas-reliefs, such as the Blue Bell and the Butterfly, evince considerable fancy. His alto-rilievo in the pediment of the Royal exchange, may compare with his father's at the British museum. Of his monumental works may be mentioned the Ashbin-ton monument, and that to Archbishop Howley in Canterbury cathedral. His busts include a large number of the eminent men of the day. Westmacott was elected A R.A. in 1838, and R.A. in 1849. He succeeded his father as professor of sculpture at the Royal Academy in 1857. He has also delivered courses of lectures on sculpture at the Royal and London institutions. Westmacott has distinguished himself as a writer, as well as a sculptor. He has a profound acquaintance with the history of sculpture; and besides papers on the Greek polychromy, &c., in the Archæological Journal, he wrote the articles "Sculpture" in the Penny Cyclopædia and the Encyclopædia Metropolitana. Westmacott has for some years past retired from the practice of his profession; but he continues to lecture at the Royal Academy, and is consulted professionally by the government and the trustees of the British museum.—J. T—e.

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WESTMORELAND, Earls of, one of the most powerful of the ancient English families. The Nevills were originally of Saxon origin, but in the thirteenth century the representative of the family, Robert Fitzmaldred, lord of Raby, married Isabell de Nevill, a great heiress, and their son adopted his maternal surname, which afterwards became so famous. A duke, a marquis, six earls, six barons, two queens, a princess of Wales, seven duchesses, a marchioness, fourteen countesses, twenty baronesses, two lord high chancellors, two archbishops of York, two bishops, besides ambassadors, speakers of the house of commons, and other dignitaries, sprung from the grand old stem of the Nevills of Raby. They took a prominent part in the wars with the Scotch and the French, as well as in the contests between the barons and the crown, and held such important offices as sheriff of Yorkshire, captain-general of all the king's forces beyond the Trent, warden of the Marches, constable of the tower of London, and lieutenant of Aquitaine. , fourth baron of Raby, was created Earl of Westmoreland by Richard II., who held him in high esteem. Notwithstanding of this he took an active part in raising Henry IV. to the throne, and was rewarded by the new monarch with a grant of the county and honour of Richmond for life, and with the great office of earl marshal of England. He rendered good service to Henry during the rebellion of the Percys, and after its suppression was made governor of Carlisle and warden of the West Marches. He was the father of twenty-two children by his two wives—Margaret, daughter of the earl of Stafford, and Joan, daughter of John of Gaunt. Four of his younger sous obtained peerages by marriage with heiresses (see ), another became bishop of Durham, and his daughters married John Mowbray, duke of Norfolk; Humphrey, duke of Buckingham; Richard Plantagenet, duke of York; Lords Dacre, Scroop, Northumberland, Spencer, &c. The main line of the family terminated in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, when, sixth earl of Westmoreland, joined with the earl of Northumberland in the well-known insurrection, termed the "Rising of the North." These two powerful noblemen were stanch adherents of the Romish church, and took up arms for its restoration, and against "the new men, by whom they alleged "the old nobility" were kept under. They had communicated their design to the imprisoned queen of Scots and her partisans, and had entered into a correspondence with the duke of Alva, governor of the Low Countries, from whom they obtained a promise of troops, arms, and ammunition. But a rumour regarding their designs induced Elizabeth to summon them to court, and thus precipitated their rising before they were fully prepared. The earl of Sussex, president of York, inarched against them at the head of a powerful force; and having been disappointed in their expectations of support from the Roman catholic body, the northern earls fled into Scotland, while their followers dispersed. Westmoreland received shelter from the chiefs of the Kerrs and Scotts, but afterwards took refuge in the Netherlands, where he lived to an advanced age, "meanly and miserably." His titles and vast estates were forfeited to the crown; but the earldom of Westmoreland was revived in the next reign in the person of, whose father had married the Baroness Despencer, a female lineal descendant of Ralph Nevill, the first earl of Westmoreland. Raby castle was bestowed on a kinsman of Francis Fane, ancestor of the duke of Cleveland, to whom it now belongs. Of the seven dignities possessed by the Nevills in the fifteenth century, one alone is still existing in the English peerage, the earldom of Abergavenny.—J. T. .## 607Zcontin ##

WESTMORELAND,, eleventh earl of, the founder of the Royal Academy of Music, was born in 1784, and died on 16th October, 1859. He was a student of Trinity college, Cambridge, and while there received musical instruction from Dr. Hague. He had always a predilection for this art, having early acquired some skill as a violinist; and when he was afterwards in Sicily, he resumed under Platoni of Messina the study of composition which he had begun at Cambridge. From 1805 till 1815 he, as Lord Burghersh (the second title of the family), served in the army, in which he attained the rank of lieutenant-general, and colonel of the 56th foot. Attempts had been made, by Dr. Burney and by the present Mr. Walmisley, to organize a national institution for the education of musicians in England, and Dr. Arnold's scheme for an English opera-house had been designed with the same purpose. Neither of these plans, however, had produced any satisfactory result, and England was still, unlike nearly all the other countries of Europe, without any means of affording artistic training to a musician, other than he could receive through private lessons, when Lord
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(Even as much as I hate tables, this is all I could figure out to simulate the spreadsheet.)

Klarm768 (talk) 20:08, 26 July 2019 (UTC)