United States v. Matthews/Opinion of the Court

The court below held that the plaintiffs were entitled to recover the sum by them claimed (32 Ct. Cl. 123), and the United States prosecutes this appeal. The origin of the controversy and the facts upon which the legal conclusion of the court was rested are these: The two plaintiffs were, one a regular, and the other a specially appointed, deputy marshal. They claimed $500, the sum of a reward offered by the attorney general for the arrest and conviction of one Asa McNeil, who was accused of having been concerned in the killing of one or more revenue officers at a village in Holmes county, Fla. McNeil was arrested by the officers in question, tried, and convicted. This suit was brought in consequence of a refusal to pay the reward. The act of March 3, 1891, 'making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the government for the fiscal year ending June the thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-two, and for other purposes,' under the heading 'Miscellaneous,' contained the following appropriation: 'Prosecution of crimes; for the detection and prosecution of crimes against the United States, preliminary to indictment, * *  * under the direction of the attorney general, *  *  * thirty-five thousand dollars.' Under the authority thus conferred, the attorney general, on July 31, 1891, addressed a letter to the marshal of the Northern district of Florida, saying: 'Your letter of July 24th is received. You are authorized to offer a reward of five hundred dollars ($500) for the arrest and delivery to you, at Jacksonville, of Asa McNell, chief of conspirators, who fired upon revenue deputies at Bonifay, Holmes county, last fall, this reward to be paid upon conviction of said McNeil.' A capias for the arrest of McNeil was executed by the deputies in question on the 11th day of July, 1892, the court below finding that the arrest was due to their exertions.

Beyond doubt, the appropriation empowered the attorney general to make the offer of reward, and hence in doing so he exercised a lawful discretion vested in him by congress. It is also clear that the offer of the reward made by the attorney general was broad enough to embrac an arrest made by the deputies in question. If, then, the right to recover is to be tested by the provisions of the statute and by the language of the offer of reward, the judgment below was correctly rendered. The United States, however, relies for reversal solely on two propositions, which, it is argued, are both well founded: First. That, as at common law it was against public policy to allow an officer to receive a reward for the performance of a duty which he was required by law to perform, therefore the statute conferring power on the attorney general and the offer made by him in virtue of the discretion in him vested should be so construed as to exclude the right of the deputies in question to recover, since, as deputy marshals, an obligation was upon them to make the arrest without regard to the reward offered; second, that, even although it be conceded that the officers in question were otherwise entitled to recover the reward, they were without capacity to do so because of the general statutory provision forbidding 'officers in any branch of the public service or any other person whose salary, pay or emoluments are fixed by law or regulations,' from receiving 'any additional pay, extra allowance of compensation in any form whatever' (Rev. St. 1765), and because of the further provision 'that no civil officer of the government shall hereafter receive any compensation or perquisites, directly or indirectly, from the treasury or property of the United States beyond his salary or compensation allowed by law' (18 Stat. 109). The first of these contentions amounts simply to saying that though the act of congress vested the amplest discretion on the subject in the attorney general, and although that discretion was by him exercised without qualification or restriction, it becomes a matter of judicial duty in construing the statute, and in interpreting the authority exercised under it, to disregard both the obvious meaning of the statute and the general language of the authority exercised under it by reading into the statute a qualification which it does not contain, and by inserting in the offer of reward a restriction not mentioned in it, the argument being that this should be done under the assumption that it is within the province of a court to disregard a statute upon the theory that the power which it confers is contrary to public policy. It cannot be doubted that, in exercising the powers conferred on him by the statute, the attorney general could, at his discretion, have confined the reward offered by him to particular classes of persons. To invoke, however, judicial authority to insert such restriction in the offer of reward when it is not there found, is to ask the judicial power to exert a discretion not vested in it, but which has been lodged by the lawmaking power in a different branch of the government. Aside from these considerations, the contention as to the existence of a supposed public policy, as applied to the question in hand, is without foundation in reason, and wanting in support of authority.

It is undoubted that both in England and in this country it has been held that it is contrary to public policy to enforce in a court of law, in favor of a public officer, whose duty by virtue of his employment required the doing of a particular act, any agreement or contract made by the officer with a private individual, stipulating that the officer should receive an extra compensation or reward for the doing of such act. An agreement of this character was considered at common law to be a species of quasi extortion, and partaking of the character of a bribe. Bridge v. Cago, Cro. Jac. 103; Badow v. Salter, W. Jones, 65; Stotesbury v. Smith, 2 Burrows, 924; Hatch v. Mann, 15 Wend. 44; Gillmore v. Lewis, 12 Ohio, 281; Stacy v. Bank, 4 Scam. 91; Davis v. Burns, 5 Allen, 249; Brown v. Godfrey, 33 Vt. 120; Morrell v. Quarles, 35 Ala. 544; Day v. Insurance Co., 16 Minn. 408, 414 (Gil. 365); Hayden v. Souger, 56 Ind. 42; In re Russell, 51 Con. 577; Ring v. Devlin, 68 Wis. 384, 32 N. W. 121; Railway Co. v. Grafton, 51 Ark. 504, 11 S. W. 702. The broad difference between the right of an officer to take from a private individual a reward or compensation for the performance of his official duty, and the capacity of such officer to receive a reward expressly authorized by competent legislative authority, and sanctioned by the executive officer to whom the legislative power has delegated ample discretion to offer the reward, is too obvious to require anything but statement.

Nor is there anything in the case of Pool v. Boston, 5 Cush. 219, tending to obscure the difference which exists between the offer of a reward by competent legislative and executive authority and an offer by one not having the legal capacity to do so. In that case, the plaintiff, a watchman in the employ of the city of Boston, while patrolling the streets in the ordinary performance of his duty, discovered and apprehended an incendiary, who was subsequently convicted. The action was brought to recover the amount of a reward which the city government had offered 'for the detection and conviction of any incendiaries' who had set fire to any building in the city, or might do so, within a given period. Solely upon the authority of decisions denying the right of a public officer to recover from a private individual a reward or extra compensation for the performance of a duty owing to the party sought to be charged, it was held that there could be no recovery. The city government of Boston, acting in its official capacity, and in the exercise of the general powers vested in cities and towns by the law of Massachusetts, doubtless had authority to offer rewards for the detection and conviction of criminals. Freeman v. Boston, 5 Metc. (Mass.) 56; Crawshaw v. Roxbury, 7 Gray, 374. But no act of the legislature, expressly or by implication, had intrusted municipal authorities with the discretion of including, in an offer of reward, public officers whose official duty it was to aid in the detection and conviction of criminals. There is not the slightest intimation contained in the opinion in that case that, if the reward in question had been offered within the limits of a discretion duly vested by the supreme legislative authority of the commonwealth, the court would have considered that it was its duty to deny the power of the commonwealth, or, by indirection, to frustrate the calling of such power into play, by reading into the legislative authority, by construction, a limitation which it did not contain,.

Looking at the question of public policy by the light of the legislation of congress on other subjects, it becomes clear that the expediency of offering to public officers a reward as an incentive or stimulus for the energetic performance of public duty has often been resorted to. As early as July 31, 1789, in chapter 5 of the statutes of that year, a portion of the penalties, fines, and forfeitures which might be recovered under the act, and which were not otherwise appropriated, were directed to be paid to one or more of certain officers of the customs. Like provisions were embodied in section 69 of chapter 35 of the act of August 4, 1790, section 2 of chapter 22 of the act of May 6, 1796, and section 91 of chapter 22 of the act of March 2, 1799. Similar provisions are also contained in the 179th section of chapter 173 of the act of June 30, 1864, and the amendatory section, No. 1, of chapter 78 of the act of March 3, 1865. So, also, by section 3 of the anti-moiety act (chapter 391, Act June 22, 1874) a discretion was vested in the secretary of the treasury to award to officers of the customs, as well as other parties, not exceeding one-half of the net proceeds of forfeitures incurred in violation of the laws against smuggling. As said by Mr. Justice Grier, delivering the opinion of the court in Dorsheimer v. U.S., 7 Wall. 173: 'The offer of a portion of such penalties to the collectors is to stimulate and reward their zeal and industry in detecting fraudulent attempts to evade the payment of duties and taxes.'

The fact that the statute vested a discretion in the attorney general to include or not to include, when he exercised the power to offer a reward, particular persons within the offer by him made, and that in the instant case the discretion was so availed of as not to exclude deputy marshals from taking the offered reward, renders it unnecessary to determine whether a deputy marshal is an officer of the United States, within the meaning of section 1765 of the Revised Statutes, and section 3 of the act of June 20, 1874, to which reference has already been made. As the reward was sanctioned by the statute making the appropriation, and was embraced within the offer of the attorney general, it clearly, under any view of the case, was removed from the provisions of the statutes in question. The appropriation act, being a special and later enactment, operated necessarily to ingraft upon the prior and general statute an exception to the extent of the power conferred on the attorney general, and necessary for the exercise of the discretion lodged in him for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of the later and special act.

Judgment affirmed.

Mr. Justice HARLAN and Mr. Justice PECKHAM dissented upon the ground that the offering or payment of a reward to a public officer for the performance of what was, at all events, nothing more than his official duty, was against public policy, and the act of congress authorizing the attorney general to offer and pay rewards did not include or authorize the offer of payment of any reward to a public officer under such circumstances.