United States v. Manzi/Opinion of the Court

Aniello Manzi filed his declaration of intention to become a citizen of the United States October 15, 1913. He did December 19, 1914. On October 4, 1924, his widow Amalia, respondent herein, relying upon her husband's declaration, asked for citizenship. This was granted February 3, 1925, and certificate issued over the objection that her request came too late, more than seven years having passed since the husband made his declaration.

January 9, 1926, the United States began this proceeding by a petition in the District Court for Rhode Island to cancel her certificate upon the ground that it had been illegally procured. That court dismissed the petition and the Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the decree. (16 F.(2d) 884.) The single question for our consideration is one of law: Whether it was unnecessary for respondent to declare her intention because her husband had declared his in 1913.

The Solicitor General maintains, and we think rightly, that while a widow may have the benefit of her husband's declaration, she must perfect her citizenship under the restrictions specified for him, including the requirement that request for naturalization must come not more than seven years after such declaration. The intention of Congress was to treat the action of the husband as though taken by the widow herself.

The Act of June 29, 1906, 'to establish a Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, and to provide for a uniform rule for the naturalization of aliens throughout the United States' (34 Stat. 596), definitely prescribes the circumstances under which aliens may be naturalized. Its requirements are much more stringent than those found in former acts.

Section 4, par. 1 (8 USCA § 373), directs that 2 years, at least, prior to his admission, and after he has reached the age of 18 years, the alien shall declare on oath that it is his bona fide intention to become a citizen, and then directs-

'Second. Not less than two years nor more than seven years     after he has made such declaration of intention he shall make      and file, in duplicate, a petition in writing, signed by the      applicant in his own handwriting and duly verified, in which      petition such applicant shall state his full name, his place      of residence (by street and number, if possible), his      occupation, and, if possible, the date and place of his      birth; the place from which he emigrated, and the date and      place of his arrival in the United States, and, if he entered      through a port, the name of the vessel on which he arrived;      the time when and the place and name of the court where he      declared his intention to become a citizen of the United      States; if he is married he shall state the name of his wife      and, if possible, the country of her nativity and her place      of residence at the time of filing his petition; and if he      has children, the name, date, and place of birth and place of      residence of each child living at the time of the filing of      his petition: Provided, That if he has filed his declaration      before the passage of this Act he shall not be required to      sign the petition in his own handwriting.' 8 USCA § 379.

'Sixth. When any alien who had declared his intention to     become a citizen of the United States dies before he is      actually naturalized the widow and minor children of such      alien may, by complying with the other provisions of this      Act, be naturalized without making any declaration of      intention.' 8 USCA § 375.

'Sec. 27. That substantially the following forms shall be     used in the proceedings to which they relate:

'(Invalid for all purposes seven years after the date     hereof.)' 8 USCA § 409.

The formula to be observed by a declarant is then set forth.

Pertinent sections of the Revised Statutes, in effect prior to 1906, provided-

'Sec. 2165. An alien may be admitted to become a citizen of     the United States in the following manner, and not otherwise:

'First. He shall declare on oath, before a circuit or     district court of the United States, or a district or supreme      court of the territories, or a court of record of any of the      states having common-law jurisdiction, and a seal and clerk,      two years, at least, prior to his admission, that it is bona      fide his intention to become a citizen of the United States,      and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any      foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty, and,      particularly, by name, to the prince, potentate, state, or      sovereignty of which the alien may be at the time a citizen      or subject.'

'Sec. 2168. When any alien, who has complied with the first     condition specified in section twenty-one hundred and      sixty-five, dies before he is actually naturalized, the widow      and the children of such alien shall be considered as      citizens of the United States, and shall be entitled to all      rights and privileges as such, upon taking the oaths      prescribed by law.'

Manifestly, the act of 1906, demands much more of the widow of a deceased alien who had declared his intention before she can become a citizen than was necessary under section 2168, Revised Statutes. Although in certain circumstances she may obtain naturalization without her personal declaration of intention, she must comply with all other prerequisites. Citizenship is a high privilege, and when doubts exist concerning a grant of it, generally at least, they should be resolved in favor of the United States and against the claimant. Swan & Finch Co. v. United States, 190 U.S. 143, 146, 23 S.C.t. 702, 47 L. Ed. 984. If Aniello had lived, his declaration of intention would have been valueless to him after seven years. The construction now suggested by respondent would prolong the efficacy of this application for her benefit during an indefinite period.

The act of 1906 definitely directs that the petition for citizenship shall be filed within seven years after the declaration, and we find nothing in the words used or the legislative purpose which permits an extension of such time for the benefit of widows. United States v. Poslusny (C. C. A.) 179 F. 836, In re Schmidt (D. C.) 161 F. 231, and In re Shearer (D. C.) 158 F. 839, we think, give no substantial support to the contrary view.

The decree of the court below is reversed.

Mr. Justice SUTHERLAND and Mr. Justice SANFORD dissent.