United States v. Hathaway

THIS was a certificate of division of opinion between the judges of the Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Michigan.

The suit was brought to recover a duty of ten per centum ad valorem, under the tariff act of 14th July, 1862, on staves for pipes, hogsheads, and other casks, imported by the defendants in November, 1863, from Canada into the United States.

These articles were exempt from duty by the twenty-third section of the act of March 2d, 1861. But a duty of ten per centum ad valorem was imposed by the sixth section of the act of July 14th, 1862.

By the reciprocity treaty of 1854, between this country and Great Britain, it was stipulated that the following, among other articles, were to be admitted free of duty: 'Timber and lumber of all kinds, round, hewed, and sawed, unmanufactured in whole or in part.'

It was admitted, on the trial, by the defendants, that they had imported from Canada West, at the time charged in the declaration, into the United States, a quantity of white-oak timber split in the form of pipe and hogshead staves at the place of importation, and that they were the growth and produce of the province of Canada.

The main question upon which the judges divided in opinion was, whether, under the reciprocity treaty of 1854, between the United States and Great Britain, and the acts of Congress on the subject, the article of staves, as above described, were liable to duty?

The government had held that the article being split wood was not exempt, but was liable to pay ten per cent. under the act of July 14th, 1862.

Mr. Stanbery, A. G., and Mr. Ashton, Assistant A. G., for the United States:

These articles are not comprehended by the treaty, unless it should appear-1st, that they are timber or lumber; 2d, that they are either round, hewed, or sawed timber or lumber; and, 3d, that they have not been subjected to any process of manufacture.

The second and third conditions are evidently not here fulfilled. The articles are not round, hewed, or sawed, but split timber; and they are also manufactured articles, having been made by hand, and with a special design or purpose, into the shape and form in which they were imported. The process of splitting, though requiring the most common labor, is, we contend, a process of manufacture. The splitting has reduced round or hewed timber into articles of commerce, ready and fit for immediate conversion, by machinery and the employment of a higher art, into other articles of manufacture and commerce. They were not split and sold as mere lumber capable of being used for any purpose whatever; but they were split and sold for the particular use for which they were imported by the defendant.

Literally, anything to which the handiwork of man has been applied becomes manufactured. The older dictionaries confine the meaning of the word entirely to this conversion or character given by touch of hand. The word etymologically means made by hand; but we now largely give it also the sense of being made by machinery.

Mr. Newberry, contra:

The most convenient form for removal from the forests and for transportation, into which oak and other straight-grained hard-wood timber can be reduced, is that of the rough-split pipe and hogshead stave, so called, and such form is also best adapted for the preservation of wood in seasoning, &c.

To reduce the timber into such form does not require skilled labor of the mechanic, but requires only the most common unskilled labor.

Timber split in this form, though called 'rough-split pipe and hogshead staves,' is not wholly or mainly used for the manufacture of hogsheads, pipes, or other casks, but is used in the manufacture of many articles manufactured wholly or in part of wood, and used also, extensively, as tonnage and in the storage of cargoes of ships and vessels.

By coopers, such timber is known as 'coopers' timber,' and is considered and treated as raw material.

In the light of these facts this timber must be held to be unmanufactured, raw material, as much so as any sawed lumber. The fact that timber thus split is commonly called by a name which would seem to indicate a manufactured article is of no consequence whatever. Lumber sawed into particular forms takes such names as, for example, 'flooring,' 'siding,' 'deck plank,' 'lath,' &c., &c. Yet such lumber is not held to be manufactured. Staves are but a species of lumber. Webster, in his dictionary, defines 'lumber' to be 'timber sawed or split for use, as bearers, joyce, boards, planks, staves, and the like.' The labor necessary to be expended to reduce the timber to the form of sawed lumber is evidently greater and more skilled than that necessary to reduce it to the form of rough-split pipe or hogshead staves, so called. What reason, then, could have operated to induce a discrimination in the treaty in favor of the former? We submit that none can be imagined, and that none was contemplated or intended.

Mr. Justice NELSON delivered the opinion of the court.