United States v. Ewing (140 U.S. 142)/Opinion of the Court

The duties of commissioners of the circuit court are thus defined in section 1014 of the Revised Statutes: 'For any crime or offense against the United States, the offender may, by any justice or judge of the United States, or by any commissioner of a circuit court to take bail, or by any * *  * justice of the peace or other magistrate, of any state where he may be found, and agreeably to the usual mode of process against offenders in such state, and at the expense of the United States, be arrested and imprisoned, or bailed, as the case may be, for trial before such court of the United States as by law has cognizance of the offense. Copies of the procees shall be returned as speedily as may be into the clerk's office of such court, together with the recognizance of the witnesses for their appearance to testify in the case.' As this section requires proceedings to be taken 'agreeably to the usual ode of process against offenders in such state,' it is proper to look at the law of the state in which the services in such case are rendered, to determine what is necessary had proper to be done, and inferentially for what services the commissioner is entitled to payment. U.S. v. Rundlett, 2 Curt. 41; U.S. v. Horton, 2 Dill. 94. We have held in U.S. v. Jones, 134 U.S. 483, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 615, that the approval of the commissioner's account by the circuit court of the United States is prima facie evidence of its correctness, and, in the absence of clear and unequivocal proof of mistake on the part of the court, should be conclusive, although the approval of such court is not a prerequisite to the institution of a suit in a court of claims, or, sinec the act of March 3, 1887, (24 St. 505,) in a circuit or district court, for the recovery of the amount claimed. U.S. v. Knox, 128 U.S. 230, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 63.

We proceed to the consideration of the several items involved in this case:

1. Items 1 and 2 were for temporary mittimuses, disallowed by the comptroller as unnecessary, upon the ground that 'the warrant of arrest is sufficient to hold defendant or commit until examination.' Rev. St. § 847, provides that the commissioner shall have 'for issuing any warrant * *  * the same compensation as is allowed to clerks for like services;' and section 828 provides that clerks shall have $1 for this service. So far as these items are for mittimuses issued after the examination is concluded, to await the action of the grand jury, no question is made as to the propriety of their allowance; but it is claimed that, pending the examination, it is the duty of the marshal to keep the prisoner in his custody under his warrant of arrest, and that the mittimus is therefore unnecessary. It appears, however, that under the laws of Tennessee, upon the subject of criminal procedure, (section 5877,) the magistrate may, 'for good cause, adjourn the examination from time to time, without the consent of the defendant, not exceeding three days at any one time; and in such case, if the offense is not bailable, or if the defendant does not give the bail required, he shall be committed to jail in the meantime; or, if the offense is bailable, the defendant may give bail in such sum as the magistrate directs for his appearance for such further examination.' As there are no federal jails or other places of temporary confinement under control of the marshal, such commitments must be made to state jail, and it follows that a mittimus is proper if not necessary to authorize the keeper of such jail to detain the prisoner, as against a writ of habeas corpus from a state court. Said Mr. Justice STORY, speaking for this court in Randolph v. Donaldson, 9 Cranch, 76, 86; 'The keeper of a state jail is neither in fact nor in law the deputy of the marshal. He is not appointed by, nor removable at the will of, the marshal. When a prisoner is regularly committed to a state jail by the marshal, he is no longer in the custody of the marshal, nor controllable by him. The marshal has no authority to command or direct the keeper in respect to the nature of the imprisonment. * *  * For certain purposes, and to certain intents, a state jail, lawfully used by the United States, may be deemed to be the jail of the United States, and that keeper to be keeper of the United States. But this would no more make the marshal liable for his acts than for the acts of any other officer of the United States whose appointment is altogether independent.' We do not wish to be understood as holding that a mittimus is necessary in all such cases to authorize the detention of the accused, especially if the keeper of the jail be, as is freguently the case, a deputy-marshal of the United States; but that it is within the discretion of the commissioner to issue such writ, if in his opinion the safe custody of the prisoner requires this precaution; and, if there be no abuse of such discretion, we do not feel at ibe rty to review his action. Stafford v. U.S., 25 Ct. Cl. 280. Nor do we consider a mittimus necessary every time a prisoner is taken out and returned to jail, pending his examination, since an order of the court or the district attorney, under the statute, would be a sufficient protection to the officer.

It is true that, by section 1030 of the Revised Statutes, 'no writ is necessary to bring into court any prisoner or person in custody, or for remanding him from the court into custody; but the same shall be done on the order of the court or district attorney, for which no fees shall be charged by the clerk or marshal.' This section relates, however, exclusively to the action of the clerk in entering the order of the court or district attorney, and to the action of the marshal in transferring the prisoner to and from his place of detention, and has no reference whatever to his custody by a state officer pending or following his examination.

No error is assigned by the attorney general upon the allowance of the third item.

2. Item 4 is 'for more than one acknowledgment for defendant's recognizances.' The exception to this item is well taken. Rev. St. § 828, allows a clerk, 'for taking an acknowledgment, twenty-five cents;' but the taking of such acknowledgment in a criminal case by the accused and his sureties is a single act, for which only one fee can be charged. Churchill v. U.S., 25 Ct. Cl. 1.

3. The exception to the fifth item, which is 'for all acknowledgments to defendants' recognizances,' is overruled. An acknowledgment is necessary to a judicial recognizance.

4. The allowance for drawing complaints, as 'for taking and certifying depositions to file,' is a proper charge. While the duty of a committing magistrate is to take complaints and issue warrants upon them, which may perhaps imply that they are written by the person making them, the general, if not the universal, practice is for the magistrate himself to put them in writing, and the Tennessee Code evidently contemplates this method of procedure in enacting as follows, (section 5845:) 'Upon information made to any magistrate of the commission of a public offense, he shall examine on oath the informant, reduce the examination to writing, and cause the examination to be signed by the person making it.' Section 5846: 'The written examination shall set forth the facts stated by the informant tending to establish the commission of the offense and the guilt of the defendant.' It is eminently proper that the magistrate, who would naturally be presumed to understand the requisites of a complaint better than the informant, who is usually unlearned in law, should himself reduce it to writing. Exception to this item is therefore overruled.

5. Item 7, 'for entering returns to process,' is unobjectionable; indeed, the treasury department seems to have receded from its action in disallowing this item, and paid a portion of the charge.

6. Item 8, 'for writing out testimony,' is clearly allowable. Not only is this the general practice in every properly conducted commissioner's office, but the rule of the circuit court for the eastern district of Tennessee requires that each commissioner shall 'keep a docket, showing the issuance of warrant, upon whose complaint the same was issued, the nature of the offense charged, and the officer to whom delivered for execution. And, when a warrant is returned, he will in all cases write out substantially the evidence of each witness as given before him, and return the same to the clerk of this court, for the information of the district attorney.' The local practice of Tennessee also requires the testimony before the committing magistrate to be reduced to writing. Section 5887: 'The evidence of the witnesses shall be reduced to writing by the magistrate, or by his direction, and signed by the witnesses respectively.'

7. The ninth, twenty-first, and twenty-second items for fees for dockets, indexes, etc., appear to have been allowed upon theaut hority of U.S. v. Wallace, 116 U.S. 398, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 408, in which case it was held by this court that, under the provisions of Rev. St. §§ 828, 847, a commissioner, who, by direction of the court, kept a docket with entries of each warrant issued, and subsequent proceedings thereon, made on the day of occurrence, was entitled to the same fees allowed to the clerk of a court for similar services. This case was decided in January, 1886. In the deficiency appropriation bill passed in August of the same year (24 St. 256, 274) it was enacted that 'the following sums be, and the same are hereby, appropriated, out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, to supply deficiencies in the appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1886, and for other objects hereinafter stated, namely: * *  * Judicial: *  *  * For fees of commissioners, and justices of the peace acting as commissioners, fifty thousand dollars: provided, that for issuing any warrant or writ, and for any other necessary service, commissioners may be paid the same compensation as is allowed to clerks for like services, but they shall not be entitled to any docket fees.' It is insisted that, as this proviso is contained in an appropriation bill, it should be limited in its application to the appropriation for that year, and should not be considered as a general inhibition for all allowances of docket fees. The cases of U.S. v. Dickson, 15 Pet. 141, and Minis v. U.S., Id. 423, are cited in support of this view. The limitation and effect of provisos in enacting clauses of a statute is considered in these cases, and the rule declared, in the first of them, that 'where the enacting clause is general in its language and objects, and a proviso is afterwards introduced, that proviso is construed strictly, and takes no case out of the enacting clause which does not fall fairly within its terms.'

In the case of Minis v. U.S., it is said by Mr. Justice STORY, (page 445:) 'It would be somewhat unusual to find ingrafted upon an act making special and temporary appropriation any provision which was to have a general and permanent application to all future appropriations. Nor ought such an intention on the part of the legislature to be presumed, unless it is expressed in the most clear and positive terms, and where the language admits of no other reasonable interpretation. The office of a proviso, generally, is either to except something from the enacting clause, or to qualify or restrain its generality, or to exclude some possible ground of misinterpretation of it, as extending to cases not intended by the legislature to be brought into its purview. A general rule, applicable to all future cases, would most naturally be expected to find its proper place in some distinct and independent enactment.' In that case an act making appropriations (4 St. 754) contained a proviso that 'no officer of the army shall receive any per cent. or additional pay, extra allowance, or compensation, in any form whatsoever, on account of disbursing any public money, appropriated by law during the present session, for fortifications, execution of surveys, works of internal improvement, building of arsenals, purchase of public supplies of any description, or for any other service or duty whatsoever, unless authorized by law.' This proviso was held to be limited to the appropriation for that year, and not to be permanent in its operation.

In the case under consideration, if the proviso had been simply that commissioners should not be entitled to any docket fees, we should have had little doubt that it would be held as applying only to the $50,000 appropriated in the bill; but as the proviso contains a substantial re-enactment of the clause of Rev. St. § 847, fixing the fees for similar services, with the prohibition against docket fees tacked thereto as an amendment, we find it impossible to give effect to the whole proviso without construing it as expressing the intention of congress to amend that clause of section 847. he language of that clause is: 'For issuing any warrant or writ, and for any other service, the same compensation as is allowed to clerks for like services.' The language of the proviso is: 'For issuing any warrant or writ, and for any other necessary service, commissioners may be paid the same compensation as is allowed to clerks for like services, but they shall not be entitled to any docket fees.' The repetition of this language was obviously useless and nugatory, unless upon the theory that prohibition of docket fees was intended as an amendment to it, since, by section 847, commissioners were already to be paid the same compensation as clerks for like services. Indeed, it seems highly improbable that congress should put the fees of commissioners upon the same basis as those of clerks, with the exception of docket fees, and make it a mere temporary expedient applicable only to the appropriation for a single year, when the same reasons would continue to exist for making it of permanent application. A majority of the courts in which this question has arisen have adopted this view. Faris v. U.S., 23 Ct. Cl. 374; Strong v. U.S., 34 Fed. Rep. 17; McKinistry v. U.S., Id. 211; Thornley v. U.S., 37 Fed. Rep. 765; Calvert v. U.S., Id. 762; Crawford v. U.S., 40 Fed. Rep. 446; Goodrich v. U.S., 42 Fed. Rep. 392.

8. Items 10, 11, 12, and 13 are for per diem fees in various cases where continuances were granted at the request of the defendant. While it is doubtless the duty of the commissioner to make as speedy a disposition of cases as is possible, consistent with a due regard for the interests of the government and the protection of the accused, we held in U.S. v. Jones, 134 U.S. 483, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 615, that in hearing and deciding upon criminal charges he acted in a judicial capacity, and we have no doubt he is invested with a discretionary power to suspend the hearing of a case where, in his judgment, a proper regard for the interests of justice requires it. This item was properly allowed.

These are all the items to the allowance of which exception was taken by the government. It is true that a number of items were rejected by the court below, which, upon the authority of U.S. v. Jones, Id., appear to have been properly allowable, but, as no appeal was taken by the plaintiff from the disallowance of such items, we do not feel at liberty to consider them. U.S. v. Hickey, 17 Wall. 9.

The case will be remanded to the district court, with directions to vacate the judgment heretofore rendered, and enter a new judgment in conformity to this opinion.