United States v. Erie Railway/Dissent Field

FIELD, J., dissenting.

I am not able to agree with the majority of the court in the decision of this case. The tax which is sustained is, in my judgment, a tax upon the income of non-resident aliens and nothing else. The 122d section of the revenue act of 1864, as amended by that of 1866, subjects the interest on the bonds of the company to a tax of 5 per cent., and authorizes the company to deduct it from the amount payable to the coupon-holder, whether he be a non-resident alien or a citizen of the United States. The company is thus made the agent of the government for the collection of the tax. It pays nothing itself; the tax is exacted from the creditor-the party who holds the coupons for interest. No collocation of words can change this fact. And so it was expressly adjudged with reference to a similar tax in the case of U.S. v. Railroad Co. 17 Wall. 322. There a tax, under the same statute, was claimed upon the interest of bonds held by the city of Baltimore. And it was decided that the tax was upon the bondholder and not upon the corporation which had issued the bonds; that the corporation was only a convenient means of collecting it; and that no pecuniary burden was cast upon the corporation. This was the precise question upon which the decision of that case turned.

A paragraph from the opinion of the court will show this beyond controversy.

'It is not taxation,' said the court, 'that government should     take from one the profits and gains of another. That is     taxation which compels one to pay for the support of the      government from his own gains and of his own property. In the     cases we are considering, the corporation parts not with a      farthing of its own property. Whatever sum it pays to the     government is the property of another. Whether the tax is 5     per cent. on the dividend or interest, or whether it be 50     per cent., the corporation is neither richer nor poorer. Whatever it thus pays to the government, it by law withholds     from the creditor. If no tax exists, it pays 7 per cent., or     whatever be its rate of interest, to its creditor in one      unbroken sum. If there be a tax, it pays exactly the same sum     to its creditors, less 5 per cent. thereof, and this 5 per     cent. it pays to the government. The receivers may be two, or     the receiver may be one, but the payer pays the same amount      in either event. It is no pecuniary burden upon the     corporation, and no taxation of the corporation. The burden     falls on the creditor. He is the party taxed. In the case     before us, this question controls its decision. If the tax     were upon the railroad, there is no defense; it must be paid. But we hold that the tax imposed by the 122d section is in     substance and in law a tax upon the income of the creditor or stockholder, and not a tax upon the      corporation.

See, also, Haight v. Railroad Co. 6 Wall. 15, and Railroad Co. v. Jackson, 7 Wall. 262, 269.

The bonds, upon the interest of which the tax in this case was laid, are held in Europe, principally in England; they were negotiated there; the principal and interest are payable there; they are held by aliens there; and the interest on them has always been paid there. The money which paid the interest was, until paid, the property of the company; when it became the property of the bondholders it was outside of the jurisdiction of the United States.

Where is the authority for this tax? It was said by counsel on the argument of the case-somewhat facetiously, I thought at the time-that congress might impose a tax upon property anywhere in the world, and this court could not question the validity of the law, though the collection of the tax might be impossible, unless, perchance, the owner of the property should at some time visit this country or have means in it which could be reached. This court will, of course, never in terms announce or accept any such doctrine as this. And yet it is not perceived wherein the substantial difference lies between that doctrine and the one which asserts a power to tax, in any case, aliens who are beyond the limits of the country. The debts of the company, owing for interest, are not property of the company, although counsel contended they were, and would thus make the wealth of the country increase by the augmentation of the debts of its corporations. Debts, being obligations of the debtors, are the property of the creditors, so far as they have any commercial value, and it is a misuse of terms to call them anything else; they accompany the creditors wherever the latter go; their situs is with the latter. I have supposed heretofore that this was common learning, requiring no argument for its support, being, in fact, a self-evident truth, a recognition of which followed its statement. Nor is this the less so because the interest may be called in the statute a part of the gains and profits of the company. Words cannot change the fact, though they may mislead and bewilder. The thing remains through all disguises of terms. If the company makes no gains or profits on its business and borrows the money to meet its interest, though it be in the markets abroad, it is still required under the statute to withhold from it the amount of the taxes. If it pays the interest, though it be with funds which were never in the United States, it must deduct the taxes. The government thus lays a tax, through the instrumentality of the company, upon the income of a non-resident alien over whom it cannot justly exercise any control, nor upon whom can it justly lay any burden.

The chief justice, in his opinion in this case, when affirming the judgment of the district court, happily condensed the whole matter into a few words. 'The tax,' he says, 'for which the suit was brought was the tax upon the owner of the bond, and not upon the defendant. It was not a tax in the nature of a tax in rem upon the bond itself, but upon the income of the owner of the bond, derived from that particular piece of property. The foreign owner of these bonds was not in any respect subject to the jurisdiction of the United States; neither was this portion of his income. His debtor was, and so was the money of his debtor; but the money of his debtor did not become a part of his income until it was paid to him, and in this case the payment was outside of the United States, in accordance with the obligations of the contract which he held. The power of the United States to tax is limited to persons, property, and business within their jurisdiction, as much as that of a state is limited to the same subjects within its jurisdiction.' State Tax on Foreign-held Bonds, 15 Wall. 300.

'A personal tax,' says the supreme court of New Jersey, 'is the burden imposed by government on its own citizens for the benefits which that government affords by its protection and its laws, and any government which would attempt to impose such a tax on citizens of other states would justly incur the rebuke of the intelligent sentiment of the civilized world.' State v. Ross, 3 Zab. 521.

In imposing a tax, says Chief Justice MARSHALL, the legislature acts upon its constitutents. 'All subjects,' he adds, 'over which the power of a state extends are objects of taxation, but those over which it does not extend are, upon the soundest principles, exampt from taxation. This proposition may almost be pronounced self-evident.' McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 428-429.

There are limitations upon the powers of all governments without any express designation of them in their organic law limitations which inhere in their very nature and structure, and this is one of them: that no rightful authority can be exercised by them over alien subjects, or citizens resident abroad, or over their property there situated. This doctrine may be said to be axiomatic, and courts in England have felt it so obligatory upon them that where general terms, used in acts of parliament, seem to contravene it, they have narrowed the construction to avoid that conclusion. In a memorable case, decided by Lord STOWELL, which involved the legality of the seizure and condemnation of a French vessel engaged in the slave trade, which was in terms within an act of parliament, that distinguished judge said: 'That neither this British act of parliament, nor any commission founded on it, can affect any right or interest of foreigners unless they are founded upon principles and impose regulations that are consistent with the law of nations. That is the only law which Great Britain can apply to them, and the generality of any terms employed in an act of parliament must be narrowed in construction by a religious adherence thereto.' Le Louis, 2 Dodson, 239.

Similar language was used by Mr. Justice BAILEY, of the King's Bench, in Madrazo v. Willes, 3 Barn. & Ald. 353, where the question was whether the act of parliament, which declared the slave trade and all dealings therewith unlawful, justified the seizure of a Spanish vessel, with a cargo of slaves on board, by the captain of an English naval vessel, and it was held that it did not. The odiousness of the trade would have carried the justice to another conclusion if the public law would have permitted it, but he said, 'that, although the language used by the legislature in the statute referred to is undoubtedly very strong, yet it can only apply to British subjects, and can only render the slave trade unlawful if carried on by them; it cannot apply in any way to a foreigner. It is true that if this were a trade contrary to the law of nations a foreigner could not maintain this action. But it is not; and as a Spaniard could not be considered as bound by the acts of the British legislature prohibiting this trade, it would be unjust to deprive him of a remedy for the heavy damage he has sustained.'

In the case of The Appollon, 9 Wheat. 362, a libel was filed against the collector of the district of St. Mary's for damages occasioned by the seizure of the ship and cargo while lying in a river within the territory of the king of Spain, and Mr. Justice STORY said, speaking for the court, that 'the laws of no nation can justly extend beyond its own jurisdiction, except so far as regards its own citizens. They can have no force to control the sovereignty or rights of any other nation within its own jurisdiction. And however general and comprehensive the phraseology used in our municipal laws may be, they must always be restricted in construction to places and persons upon whom the legislatures have authority and jurisdiction.'

When the United States became a separate and independent nation they became, as said by Chancellor KENT, 'subject to that system of rules which reason, morality, and custom had established among the enlightened nations of Europe as their public law,' and by the light of that law must their dealings with persons of a foreign jurisdiction be considered; and according to that law there could be no debatable question that the jurisdiction of the United States over persons and property ends where the foreign jurisdiction begins.

What urgent reasons press upon us to hold that this doctrine of public law may be set aside, and that the United States, in disregard of it, may lawfully treat as subject to their taxing power the income of non-resident aliens, derived from the interest received abroad on bonds of corporations of this country negotiable and payable there? If, in the form of taxes, the United States may authorize the withholding of a portion of such interest, the amount will be a matter in their discretion; they may authorize the whole to be withheld. And if they can do this, why may not the states do the same thing with reference to the bonds issued by corporations created under their laws. They will not be slow to act upon the example set. If such a tax may be levied by the United States in the rightful exercise of their taxing power, why may not a similar tax be levied upon the interest on bonds of the same corporations by the states within their respective jurisdictions in the rightful EXERCISE OF THeir taxing power? what is sound laW for one sovereignty ought to be sound law for another.

It is said, in answer to these views, that the governments of Europe-or at least some of them, where a tax is laid on incomes deduct from the interest on their public debts the tax due on the amount as income, whether payable to a non-resident alien or a subject of the country. This is true in some instances, and it has been suggested in justification of it that the interest, being payable at their treasuries, is under their control, the money designated for it being within their jurisdiction when set apart for the debtor, who must in person or by agent enter the country to receive it. That presents a case different from the one before us in this-that here the interest is payable abroad, and the money never becomes the property of the debtor until actually paid to him there. So, whether we speak of the obligation of the company to the holder of the coupons, or the money paid in its fulfillment, it is held abroad, not being, in either case, within the jurisdiction of the United States. And with reference to the taxation of the interest on public debts, Mr. Phillimore, in his Treatise on International Laws, says:

'It may be quite right that a person having an income     accruing from money lent to a foreign state should be taxed      by his own country on his income derived from this source;      and if his own country impose an income tax it is, of course,      a convenience to all parties that the government which is to      receive the tax should deduct it from the debt which, in this      instance, that government owes to the payer of the tax, and      thus avoid a double process; but a foreigner, not resident in      the state, is not liable to be trxed by the state; and it      seems unjust to a foreign creditor to make use of the      machinery which, on the ground of convenience, is applied in      the cases of domestic creditors, in order to subject him to a      tax to which he is not on principle liable.' Vol. 2. pp. 14,      15.

Here, also, is a further difference: the tax here is laid upon the interest due on private contracts. As observed by counsel, no other government has ever undertaken to tax the income of subjects of another nation accruing to them at their own domicile upon property held there, and arising out of ordinary business, or contracts between individuals.

This case is decided upon the authority of Railroad Co. v. Collector, 100 U.S. 595, and the doctrines from which I dissent necessarily flow from that decision. When that decision was announced I was apprehensive that the conclusions would follow which I now see to be inevitable. It matters not what the interest may be called, whether classed among gains and profits, or covered up by other forms of expression, the fact remains, the tax is laid upon it, and that is a tax which comes from the party entitled to the interest-here, a non-resident alien in England, who is not, and never has been, subject to the jurisdiction of this country. In that case the tax is called an excise on the business of the class of corporations mentioned, and is held to be laid, not on the bondholder who receives the interest, but upon the earnings of the corporations which pay it. How can a tax on the interest to be paid be called a tax on the earnings of the corporation if it earns nothing-if it borrows the money to pay the interest? How can it be said not to be a tax upon the income of the bondholder when out of his interest the tax is deducted? That case was not treated as one, the disposition of which was considered important, as settling a rule of action. The opening language of the opinion is: 'As the sum in this suit is small and the law under which the tax in question has long since been repealed, the case is of little consequence as regards any principle involved in it as a future rule of action.' But now it is invoked in a case of great magnitude, and many other similar cases, as we are informed, are likely soon to be before us; and, though it overrules repeated and solemn adjudications rendered after full argument and mature deliberation; though it is opposed to one of the most important and salutary principles of public law, it is to be received as conclusive, and no further word from the court, either in explanation or justification of it, is to be heard. I cannot believe that a principle so important as the one announced here, and so injurious in its tendencies, so well calculated to elicit unfavorable comment from the enlightened sentiment of the civilized world, will be allowed to pass unchallenged, though the court is silent upon it.

I think the judgment should be affirmed.