United States v. Doremus/Opinion of the Court

Doremus was indicted for violating section 2 of the so-called Harrison Narcotic Drug Act. Act Dec. 17, 1914, c. 1, 38 Stat. 785 (6 U.S.C.omp. Stat. 1916, § 6287g). Upon demurrer to the indictment the District Court held the section unconstitutional for the reason that it was not a revenue measure, and was an invasion of the police power reserved to the state. 246 Fed. 958. The case is here under the Criminal Appeals Act March 2, 1907, c. 2564, 34 Stat. 1246 (Comp. St. § 1704).

There are ten counts in the indictment. The first two were treated by the court below as sufficient to raise the constitutional question decided. The first count in substance charges that: Doremus, a physician, duly registered, and who had paid the tax required by the first section of the act, did unlawfully, fraudulently, and knowingly sell and give away and distribute to one Ameris a certain quantity of heroin, to wit, five hundred one-sixth grain tablets of heroin, a derivative of opium, the sale not being in pursuance of a written order on a form issued on the blank furnished for that purpose by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue.

The second count charges in substance that: Doremus did unlawfully and knowingly sell, dispense and distribute to one Ameris five hundred one-sixth grain tablets of heroin not in the course of the regular professional practice of Doremus and not for the treatment of any disease from which Ameris was suffering but as was well known by Doremus, Ameris was addicted to the use of the drug as a habit, being a person popularly known as a 'dope fiend,' and that Doremus did sell, dispense, and distribute the drug, heroin, to Ameris for the purpose of gratifying his appetite for the drug as an habitual user thereof.

Section 1 of the act (section 6287g) requires persons who produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal in, dispense, sell, distribute, or give away opium or cocoa leaves or any compound, manufacture, salt, derivative or preparation thereof, to register with the collector of internal revenue of the district his name or style, place of business, and place or places where such business is to be carried on. At the time of such registry every person who produces, imports, manufactures, compounds, deals in, dispenses, sells, distributes, or gives away any of the said drugs is required to pay to the collector a special tax of $1 per annum. It is made unlawful for any person required to register under the terms of the act to produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal in, dispense, sell, distribute, or give away any of the said drugs without having registered and paid the special tax provided in the act.

Section 2 (section 6287h) provides in part:

'It shall be unlawful for any person to sell, barter,     exchange, or give away any of the aforesaid drugs except in      pursuance of a written order of the person to whom such      article is sold, bartered, exchanged, or given, on a form to      be issued in blank for that purpose by the Commissioner of      Internal Revenue. Every person who shall accept any such     order, and in pursuance thereof shall sell, barter, exchange,      or give away any of the aforesaid drugs, shall preserve such      order for a period of two years in such a way as to be      readily accessible to inspection by any officer, agent, or      employee of the Treasury Department duly authorized for that      purpose, and the state, territorial, district, municipal, and      insular officials named in section five of this act. Every     person who shall give an order as herein provided to any      other person for any of the aforesaid drugs shall, at or      before the time of giving such order, make or cause to be      made a duplicate thereof on a form to be issued in blank for      that purpose by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, and in      case of the acceptance of such order, shall preserve such      duplicate for a period of two years in such a way as to be      readily accessible to inspection by the officers, agents,      employees, and officials hereinbefore mentioned. Nothing     contained in this section shall apply—

'(a) To the dispensing or distribution of any of the     aforesaid drugs to a patient by a physician, dentist, or      venterinary surgeon regularly registered under this act in      the course of his professional practice only: Provided, that      such physician, dentist, or veterinary surgeon shall keep a      record of all such drugs dispensed or distributed, showing      the amount dispensed or distributed, the date and the name and address of the patient to whom such drugs are      dispensed or distributed, except such as may be dispensed or      distributed to a patient upon whom such physician, dentist or      veterinary surgeon shall personally attend; and such record      shall be kept for a period of two years from the date of      dispensing or distributing such drugs, subject to inspection,      as provided in this act.

'(b) To the sale, dispensing, or distribution of any of the     aforesaid drugs by a dealer to a consumer under and in      pursuance of a written prescription issued by a physician,      dentist, or veterinary surgeon registered under this act:      Provided, however, that such prescription shall be dated as      of the day on which signed and shall be signed by the      physician, dentist, or veterinary surgeon who shall have      issued the same: And provided further, that such dealer shall      preserve such prescription for a period of two years from the      day on which such prescription is filled in such a way as to      be readily accessible to inspection by the officers, agents,      employees, and officials hereinbefore mentioned.'

It is made unlawful for any person to obtain the drugs by means of the order forms for any purpose other than the use, sale or distribution thereof by him in the conduct of a lawful business in said drugs, or the legitimate practice of his profession.

It is apparent that the section makes sales of these drugs unlawful except to persons who have the order forms issued by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, and the order is required to be preserved for two years in such way as to be readily accessible to official inspection. But it is not to apply (a) to physicians, etc., dispensing and distributing the drug to patients in the course of professional practice, the physician to keep a record thereof, except in the case of personal attendance upon a patient; and (b) to the sale, dispensing, or distributing of the drugs by a dealer upon a prescription issued by a physician, etc., registered under the act. Other exceptions follow which are unnecessary to the consideration of this case.

Section 9 (section 62870) inflicts a fine or imprisonment, or both, for violation of the act.

This statute purports to be passed under the authority of the Constitution, article 1, § 8, which gives the Congress power 'To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States.'

The only limitation upon the power of Congress to levy excise taxes of the character now under consideration is geographical uniformity throughout the United States. This court has often declared it cannot add others. Subject to such limitation Congress may select the subjects of taxation, and may exercise the power conferred at its discretion. License Tax Cases, 5 Wall. 462, 471, 18 L. Ed. 497. Of course Congress may not in the exercise of federal power exert authority wholly reserved to the states. Many decisions of this court have so declared. And from an early day the court has held that the fact that other motives may impel the exercise of federal taxing power does not authorize the courts to inquire into that subject. If the legislation enacted has some reasonable relation to the exercise of the taxing authority conferred by the Constitution, it cannot be invalidated because of the supposed motives which induced it. Veazie Bank v. Fenno, 8 Wall. 533, 541, 19 L. Ed. 482, in which case this court sustained a tax on a state bank issue of circulating notes. McCray v. United States, 195 U.S. 27, 24 Sup. Ct. 769, 49 L. Ed. 78, 1 Ann. Cas. 561, where the power was thoroughly considered, and an act levying a special tax upon oleomargarine artificially colored was sustained. And see Flint v. Stone Tracy Co., 220 U.S. 107, 147, 153, 156, 31 Sup. Ct. 342, 55 L. Ed. 389, Ann. Cas. 1912B, 1312, and cases cited.

Nor is it sufficient to invalidate the taxing authority given to the Congress by the Constitution that the same business may be regulated by the police power of the state. License Tax Cases, 5 Wall. 462, 18 L. Ed. 497, supra.

The act may not be declared unconstitutional because its effect may be to accomplish another purpose as well as the raising of revenue. If the legislation is within the taxing authority of Congress-that is sufficient to sustain it. In re Kollock, 165 U.S. 526, 536, 17 Sup. Ct. 444, 41 L. Ed. 813.

The legislation under consideration was before us in a case concerning section 8 of the act, and in the course of the decision we said:

'It may be assumed that the statute has a moral end as well     as revenue in view, but we are of opinion that the District      Court, in treating those ends as to be reached only through a      revenue measure and within the limits of a revenue measure,      was right.' United States v. Jin Fuey Moy, 241 U.S. 394,      402, 36 Sup. Ct. 658, 659, 60 L. Ed. 1061, Ann. Cas. 1917D,     854.

Considering the full power of Congress over excise taxation the decisive question here is: Have the provisions in question any relation to the raising of revenue? That Congress might levy an excise tax upon such dealers, and others who are named in section 1 of the act, cannot be successfully disputed. The provisions of section 2, to which we have referred, aim to confine sales to registered dealers and to those dispensing the drugs as physicians, and to those who come to dealers with legitimate prescriptions of physicians. Congress, with full power over the subject, short of arbitrary and unreasonable action which is not to be assumed, inserted these provisions in an act specifically providing for the raising of revenue. Considered of themselves, we think they tend to keep the traffic aboveboard and subject to inspection by those authorized to collect the revenue. They tend to diminish the opportunity of unauthorized persons to obtain the drugs and sell them clandestinely without paying the tax imposed by the federal law. This case well illustrates the possibility which may have induced Congress to insert the provisions limiting sales to registered dealers and requiring patients to obtain these drugs as a medicine from physicians or upon regular prescriptions. Ameris, being as the indictment charges, an addict may not have used this great number of doses for himself. He might sell some to others without paying the tax, at least Congress may have deemed it wise to prevent such possible dealings because of their effect upon the collection of the revenue.

We cannot agree with the contention that the provisions of section 2, controlling the disposition of these drugs in the ways described, can have nothing to do with facilitating the collection of the revenue, as we should be obliged to do if we were to declare this act beyond the power of Congress acting under its constitutional authority to impose excise taxes. It follows that the judgment of the District Court must be reversed.

Reversed.

The CHIEF JUSTICE dissents because he is of opinion that the court below correctly held the act of Congress, in so far as it embraced the matters complained of, to be beyond the constitutional power of Congress to enact because to such extent the statute was a mere attempt by Congress to exert a power not delegated, that is, the reserved police power of the states.

Mr. Justice McKENNA, and Mr. Justice VAN DEVANTER and Mr. Justice McREYNOLDS concur in this dissent.