United States v. Daugherty/Opinion of the Court

An indictment of three counts charged respondent with violating Harrison Anti-Narcotic Act, c. 1, 38 Stat. 785 (Comp. St. §§ 6287g-6287q), by making unauthorized sales of cocaine to three different persons on different days. Each count alleged a completed sale to the named individual on a specified day. The judgment below followed a plea of guilty:

It is by the court considered and adjudged that said     defendant is guilty of the crime aforesaid, and that as      punishment therefor said defendant be confined in the United      States penitentiary situated at Leavenworth, Kansas, for the      term of five (5) years on each of said three counts, and      until he shall have been discharged from said penitentiary by      due course of law. Said term of imprisonment to run     consecutively and not concurrently.

He took the cause to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit and there maintained:

(1) That the (trial) court erred in imposing a sentence of 15     years upon defendant, James Daugherty; that the court      exceeded its jurisdiction in imposing a sentence of 15 years,      which is 10 years above the maximum penalty prescribed for a      violation of the Harrison Anti-Narcotic Act, as amended by      Revenue Act of 1918, 40 Stat. 1130 (Comp. St. Ann. Supp.     1919, §§ 6287g, 6287l).

(2) That each of the offenses charged, alleged, and set forth     in the indictment constitute a single continuous act inspired      by the same intent, which is equally essential to each of the      offenses charged in the three counts of said indictment, and      the court erred and exceeded its jurisdiction in imposing a      sentence of 15 years upon defendant.

That court interpreted and affirmed the judgment.

'The contention that each sale should be taken as resulting     from one and the same criminal intent and therefore the three      counts charge only one crime, is not sound; because criminal intent is not an element of the      crime, and because each count charges a different sale to a      different person and on a different day, and if the sales      were made as charged they constituted three separate      offenses.' Daugherty v. United States, 2 F.(2d) 691.

It further concluded that the sentence was for 5 years only and, in support of this view, said:

'Where sentences are imposed on verdicts of guilty, or pleas     of guilty, on several counts or on several indictments      consolidated for trial, it is the rule that the sentences so      imposed run concurrently, in the absence of specific and      definite provision therein that they be made to run      consecutively by specifying the order of sequence. If the     order in which the terms of imprisonment for the different      offenses is to be served, is not clearly designated, the      terms are to be served concurrently, and the defendant cannot      be held in further confinement under the sentence after the      expiration of the longest term imposed. Cumulative sentences     are permissible, and in some cases are appropriate, but when      imposed on different counts or indictments there must be      certainty in the order of sequence.'

Mr. Justice Bradley's opinion in United States v. Patterson (C. C.) 29 F. 775, was cited and relied upon.

The cause is here by certiorari, granted upon petition of the United States, for whom counsel say:

'The judgment of the Circuit Court of Appeals has resulted in     an unwarranted alteration and misapplication of the original      sentence imposed upon the defendant. The purpose of this     proceeding is to restore the original judgment and sentence      of the District Court, imposing three consecutive terms of 5      years each.'

The constitutionality of the Anti-Narcotic Act, touching which this court so sharply divided in United States v. Doremus, 249 U.S. 86, 39 S.C.t. 214, 63 L. Ed. 493, was not raised below, and has not been again considered. The doctrine approved in Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 U.S. 251, 38 S.C.t. 529, 62 L. Ed. 1101, 3 A. L. R. 649, Ann. Cas. 1918E, 724, Child Labor Tax Case, 259 U.S. 20, 42 S.C.t. 449, 66 L. Ed. 817, Hill v. Wallace, 259 U.S. 44, 67, 42 S.C.t. 453, 66 L. Ed. 822, and Linder v. United States, 268 U.S. 5, 45 S.C.t. 446, 69 L. Ed. 819, may necessitate a review of that question, if hereafter properly presented.

In denying the contention that the indictment charged but a single crime the court below was clearly right. Further discussion of that point would serve no good purpose. But, we think, it erred in holding that the sentence was for only 5 years.

Sentences in criminal cases should reveal with fair certainty the intent of the court and exclude any serious misapprehensions by those who must execute them. The elimination of every possible doubt cannot be demanded. Tested by this standard, the judgment here questioned was sufficient to impose total imprisonment for 15 years, made up of three 5-year terms, one under the first count, one under the second, and one under the third, to be served consecutively, and to follow each other in the same sequence as the counts appeared in the indictment. This is the reasonable and natural implication from the whole entry. The words, 'said term of imprisonment to run consecutively and not concurrently,' are not consistent with a 5-year sentence.

United States v. Patterson, supra, grew out of a sentence under pleas of guilty to three separate indictments. A single judgment entry directed that the prisoner 'be confined at hard labor in the state's prison of the state of New Jersey, for the term of five (5) years upon each of the three indictments above named, said terms not to run concurrently, and from and after the expiration of said terms until the costs of this prosecution shall have been paid.' The question there was materially different from the one here presented, which concerns counts in one indictment. We think the reasoning of that opinion is not applicable to the present situation. Neely v. United States (C. C. A.) 2 F.(2d) 849, 852, 853, is more nearly in point.

This and similar unfortunate causes should admonish the trial courts to require the use of meticulously precise language in all judgment entries. Especial care is essential where sentences for crime are imposed.

We deem it proper to add that the sentence of 15 years imposed upon respondent seems extremely harsh. Circumstances not disclosed by the record may justify it, but only extraordinary ones could do so.

The judgment of the Circuit Court of Appeals is reversed, and the one entered by the District Court is affirmed. The cause will be remanded to the latter court for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion.