United States v. Circuit Judges/Dissent Field

Mr. Justice FIELD, with whom concurred GRIER and MILLER, JJ., dissenting:

Unable to concur in the opinion of a majority of the court, which has just been read, I will proceed to give the grounds of my dissent.

The Supreme Court, by the Constitution, takes its appellate jurisdiction over cases 'with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.' And the designation, by acts of Congress, of the cases to which this jurisdiction shall extend, has uniformly been held to be a legislative declaration that all other cases are excepted from it. Thus in Wiscart v. Dauchy, which was decided as early as 1796, the court said, that if Congress had not provided any rule to regulate its proceedings on appeal, it could not exercise an appellate jurisdiction, and, if a rule were provided, the court could not depart from it. And, in Clarke v. Bazadone, it was decided that a writ of error did not lie from this court to the General Court for the Territory northwest of the Ohio, because Congress had not by its legislation authorized such writ. It was urged, on the argument, that the judicial power under the Constitution extended to all cases arising under the Constitution and laws of the United States, and to controversies in which the United States were a party; and that the Supreme Court had appellate jurisdiction in all these cases, with such exceptions and under such regulations as Congress might make; that Congress had made no exception in that case, which was one arising under the laws of the United States, and no regulation was necessary to give the court the appellate power; that it derived that from the Constitution itself. But the court adhered to its previous ruling, although observing at the same time that from the manifest errors on the face of the record it felt every disposition to support the writ.

In Durousseau v. The United States the subject was again considered, and the court held, that though its appellate powers were given by the Constitution, they were limited and regulated by the judicial act and such other acts as had been passed on the subject. 'When the first legislature of the Union,' said Mr. Chief Justice Marshall, in delivering the opinion of the court, 'proceeded to carry the third article of the Constitution into effect, they must be understood as intending to execute the power they possessed of making exceptions to the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. They have not, indeed, made these exceptions in express terms. They have not declared that the appellate power of the court shall not extend to certain cases; but they have described affirmatively its jurisdiction, and its affirmative description has been understood to imply a negative on the exercise of such appellate power as is not comprehended within it.' And, in illustration of this principle, reference is made to the provision of the law which allows a writ of error to a judgment of the Circuit Court, where the matter in controversy exceeds the value of two thousand dollars. 'There is no express declaration,' said the chief justice, 'that it will not lie where the matter in controversy shall be of less value. But the court considers this affirmative description as manifesting the intent of the legislature to except from its appellate jurisdiction all cases decided in the circuits where the matter in controversy is of less value, and implies negative words.' It follows, therefore, that the appellate jurisdiction of this court exists only in those cases, in which it is expressly granted. In conformity with this principle it has been held that such jurisdiction does not extend to final judgments in criminal cases, it not having been conferred by Congress. A question arising in a criminal case can only be brought before this court for decision upon a certificate of a division of opinion between the judges of the Circuit Court. So, under the Judiciary Act of 1789, jurisdiction to review a judgment or decree of the Circuit Court, rendered in an action brought before it from the District Court on writ of error, was denied, as the act only mentioned judgments and decrees brought before the Circuit Court on appeal from the District Court.

The act of July 1st, 1864, under which the Circuit Court acquired jurisdiction over this case, makes no provision for an appeal from the decree of the court, or for any re-examination of the decree by the Supreme Court. If an appeal exists it must be found in the amendatory Judicial Act of March 3d, 1803, or in the act of March 3d, 1851, to ascertain and settle private land claims in the State of California.

The Judiciary Act of 1789 only provides for a review upon a writ of error of the final judgments and decrees of the Circuit Court where the matter in dispute exceeds the sum or value of two thousand dollars. It is the act of 1803 which extends the appellate power of the court to a review of final judgments and decrees brought up on appeal when the matter in dispute is of the like amount or value; and it limits the review to judgments and decrees rendered in 'cases of equity, of admiralty, and maritime jurisdiction, and of prize or no prize.' Subsequent acts of Congress have reduced the required amount or value of the matter in dispute in some cases-as in suits for the protection of copyrights and patents; but in none of them is there any change in the character of the case in which the judgment or decree of the Circuit Court can be reviewed on appeal. Where a review of the action of the Circuit Court upon any other matter is intended, it is authorized by special provision in the act creating the proceeding.

The question, then, upon the act of 1803 is, whether its terms embrace a proceeding taken for the ascertainment and settlement of a claim to land derived from the Spanish or Mexican governments? Such a proceeding is not a suit in admiralty, or course; nor is it a suit in equity, as those terms are there used. By those terms is meant a regular proceeding in a court of justice for relief on equitable grounds in contradistinction to an action at law for the enforcement of legal rights-a proceeding which can only be sustained when plain, adequate, and complete remedy cannot be had at law. The act mentions the pleadings by which the suit is to be conducted; it requires a transcript of the bill, answer, and deposition to be transmitted to the Supreme Court on appeal, clearly indicating the nature of the proceeding to which it refers. The proceeding for the confirmation of a California land claim is of a very different character; is governed by different principles, and supported by different evidence. It is a proceeding taken under a statute conferring a peculiar and limited jurisdiction, created for the purpose of enabling the government to separate private lands from the public domain, and to discharge its political obligations under the treaty of cession. It is in the nature of an inquisition of the government, invoked by the petition of the claimant, and governed by the stipulations of the treaty, the law of nations, the laws, usages, and customs of the former government, the principles of equity, and the decisions of the Supreme Court, so far as they are applicable. Though the principles of equity are to constitute one ground of the decision, the proceeding has nothing in it whatever which will justify its designation as a suit in equity as those terms are used in the act of 1803.

The heads of the different departments are often required by acts or resolutions of Congress to settle claims for losses and liabilities incurred on behalf of the government, or in the attempted performance of contracts on the principles of equity. Thus, in the case of De Groot, who asserted claims for furnishing materials for the Washington aqueduct, the resolution of Congress directed the Secretary of War to settle the claims 'on the principles of justice and equity.' Yet, no one would pretend that the proceeding before the secretary was a suit in equity, as these terms are understood in a legal sense. Nor is an application for a patent, or a proceeding for the assessment of damages, where private property is taken for public purposes, a suit of that nature. Nor would such special proceeding lose its distinctive and special character if by an act of Congress it was made subject to review on appeal by the District Court of the United States. These cases belong to that class of controversies which are properly the subjects of administrative regulation, and do not become converted into suits in equity because judicial agency is brought in to aid the administrative proceeding. They may be submitted to the entire disposition of a board of commissioners without the violation of any principle, just as the California land cases are submitted in the first instance to such board for investigation.

The act of March 3d, 1851, does not provide for any consideration by the Circuit Court of cases of this character. The jurisdiction over these cases is by that act vested, in the first instance, in a board of commissioners, and afterwards, on appeal from the decision of the board, in the District Court. From the decrees of the District Court an appeal lies directly to the Supreme Court. The language of the act is, 'that the District Court. . . shall, on application of the party against whom judgment is rendered, grant an appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States.'

The act of July 1st, 1864, authorizes a transfer from the District Court to the Circuit Court of cases of this kind, where the district judge is interested in the land, the claim to which is pending before him, and also where the case affects the title to lands within the corporate limits of any city or town; but it does not confer any right of appeal from the action of the Circuit Court in these cases after they are transferred. It is contended, however, by counsel, that the right of appeal goes with the transfer of the case.

The argument is, that there is no rule for the decision of the case after it is transferred, unless the provisions of the act of 1851 on this point are considered as governing; and that it is not to be presumed that Congress intended that the right of appeal from the decision should depend upon the contingency of the district judge having an interest in the claim, or the fact that some of the lands involved are situated within the limits of a corporate city.

The answer to the first head of the argument is found in the fact that the rules prescribed by the act of 1851 would govern, independent of their statutory enactment. Whether a title, alleged to have been acquired under the former government, was in fact thus acquired, and entitled to recognition after a change of sovereignty by the new government, would necessarily depend upon the laws, customs, and usages of the former government, the laws of nations, the stipulations of the treaty by which a change of jurisdiction was effected, and the considerations which should govern a just nation in treating of the property of its newly acquired subjects, as explained by the highest tribunal of the country.

And as to the second head of the argument, it may be suggested that it would be a reasonable position to assume that Congress, in passing the act in question, understood the meaning of the language it used, and recognized the difference between the District and Circuit Courts of the United States, and when it omitted to provide any appeal from the decree of the Circuit Court, it intended that none should exist. There is no repugnancy between the acts of 1851 and 1864. Reading them together, it would seem to be clear that Congress intended that when a case was decided by the District Court an appeal should lie; but when decided by the Circuit Court, its decision should be final. There is nothing singular in a provision of this kind, and if there were, it is sufficient that such was the will of the legislature. In matters of survey, which oftentimes determine the value of the whole claim, the decision of the Circuit Court is admitted to be final, made so in express terms by the act. Is there any more reason for doubting the disposition of Congress to trust to that court the final settlement of the title, than there is to trust the final settlement of the boundaries of the land when the title is confirmed?

But it is not necessary to rest this matter upon reasons of this nature. The absence of a provision allowing an appeal was not an oversight on the part of Congress. It is evident, from the general language of the act, and the object sought to be accomplished by it, that it was the intention of the legislature to give finality to the action of the Circuit Court?

The act was designed, as its name purports, to expedite the settlement of titles to land in the State. Great delays and embarrassments were found to exist in determining the location and boundaries of tracts confirmed after the question of title had been adjudicated. The hearing by the District Court of exceptions to surveys returned by the surveyorgeneral, interposed by parties possessing or assering adverse interests, the taking of depositions, the discussion of counsel, and the modifications or new surveys sometimes ordered, necessarily occupied the time usually taken by an ordinary suit at law. Then followed the right of appeal to the Supreme Court from the action of the District Court, not merely by the original contestants to the proceeding, but by third parties intervening, whether adjoining proprietors, purchasers under the original grantee, or persons claiming by pre-emption, settlement, or other right under the United States. To obviate the delays and expense necessarily attending proceedings of this character, particularly as occasioned by the appeal to the Supreme Court, and to relieve that tribunal, burdened by a crowded docket, the act limited its jurisdiction to cases in which appeals were then pending, and vested jurisdiction in the Circuit Court, over cases in which appeals might be subsequently taken When from the decree of the District Court, approving or correcting the survey, no appeal had been taken, 'no appeal,' says the act, 'to that court shall be allowed, but an appeal may be taken, within twelve months after this act shall take effect, to the Circuit Court of the United States for California, and said court shall proceed to fully determine the matter.'

Following these provisions is the section which directs that when the district judge is interested in any land, the claim to which, under the act of March 3d, 1851, is pending before him on appeal from the board of commissioners, the case shall be transferred to the Circuit Court, 'which shall thereupon take jurisdiction and determine the same.' The act then proceeds as follows: 'The said District Courts may also order a transfer to the said Circuit Court of any other cases arising under said act, pending before them, affecting the title to lands within the corporate limits of any city or town, and in such cases both the district and circuit judges may sit.'

The answer to the last objection will be more obvious if reference is made to the circumstances under which the act of 1864 was passed, as given in the opinion of the Circuit Court. These circumstances are not referred to for the purpose of controlling the construction of the language of the act, but in answer to suppositions as to the intention of Congress.

At the passage of the act there were only two cases pending in the District Courts of California, with reference to which the authority conferred by the clause in question could be exercised, the case of the City of San Francisco, and the case of the City of Sonoma, both against the United States. The first case had then been pending in the District Court for over eight years. In the mean time the city had extended in all directions, and interests of vast magnitude had grown up, which demanded that the title to the land upon which the city rested should be, in some way, speedily and finally settled. The land commissioners had adjudged that the claim of the city was valid within certain described limits. The United States, through their highest legal officer, had assented to this adjudication, and the principal question on appeal before the District Court was as to the additional quantity claimed over the quantity confirmed.

The case of the City of Sonoma had been likewise pending in the District Court on appeal for over eight years. In this case the United States had, through the attorney-general, signified their assent to a confirmation of the decree of the board, and the principal question on appeal here was also as to the additional quantity claimed by the city.

It was under these circumstances that the law was passed authorizing a transfer of these cases to the Circuit Court. If an appeal from its action had been intended, no beneficial object would have been accomplished by the transfer, for the same delay would follow an appeal from the Circuit Court as would follow an appeal from the District Court. Nor can any reason, in that view, be assigned for allowing both the district and circuit judges, if they desired, to sit in the hearing of these cases.

The acts of 1792, 1809, and 1821, which authorize a trans fer of causes from the District Court to the Circuit Court, where the district judge is interested, or has been counsel in the case, or is disabled from performing the duties of his office, or is related to either of the parties, have no bearing upon the question under consideration. They do not confer any right of appeal from the action of the Circuit Court after the cases are transferred, or any right to have such action reviewed on writ of error. Such right, when it exists, depends upon the acts of 1789 and 1803; that is, upon the nature of the case and the amount or value of the matter in controversy; and the latter act, which is the only one relating to appeals, does not cover, as I have endeavored to show, a decree in a proceeding for the settlement of a California land claim, where the right or title is alleged to have been derived from the Spanish or Mexican governments.

For a short time it seemed possible that the present case might assume an interest beyond that of the point of law involved. The decree of the Circuit Court from which an appeal was prayed, and which was made May 18th, 1865, was one settling the title to a large part of the city of San Francisco; how considerable will be seen from the decree itself, of which the following is the material portion:

'The land of which confirmation is made, is a tract situated within the county of San Francisco, and embracing so much of the extreme upper portion of the peninsula above ordinary high-water mark (as the same existed at the date of the conquest of the country, namely, the 7th of July, A.D. 1846), on which the city of San Francisco is situated, as will contain an area of four square leagues-said tract being bounded on the north and east by the Bay of San Francisco; on the west by the Pacific Ocean; and on the south by a due east and west line, drawn so as to include the area aforesaid, subject to the following deductions, namely: such parcels of land as have been heretofore reserved or dedicated to public uses by the United States; and, also, such parcels of land as have been by grants from lawful authority vested in private proprietorship, and have been finally confirmed to parties claiming under said grants by the tribunals of the United States, or shall hereafter be finally confirmed to parties claiming thereunder by said tribunals, in proceedings now pending therein for that purpose; all of which said excepted parcels of land are included within the area of four square leagues above mentioned, but are excluded from the confirmation to the city. This confirmation is in trust, for the benefit of the lot-holders under grants from the pueblo, town, or city of San Francisco, or other competent authority, and as to any residue, in trust for the use and benefit of the inhabitants of the city.' However, immediately after the expression of the views of the majority of the judges, as given in the preceding case, Congress passed the following act:

An act to quiet the title to certain lands within the corporate limits of the City of San Francisco.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled: That all the right and title of the United States to the land situated within the corporate limits of the city of San Francisco, in the State of California, confirmed to the city of San Francisco by the decree of the Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern District of California, entered on the 18th day of May, 1865, be and the same are hereby relinquished and granted to the said city of San Francisco and its successors, and the claim of the said city to said land is hereby confirmed, subject, however, to the reservations and exceptions designated in said decree, and upon the following trusts, namely: that all the said land, not heretofore granted to said city, shall be disposed of and conveyed by said city to parties in the bona fide actual possession thereof, by themselves or tenants, on the passage of this act, in such quantities and upon such terms and conditions as the legislature of the State of California may prescribe; except such parcels thereof as may be reserved and set apart by ordinance of said city for public uses. Provided, however, That the relinquishment and grant, by this act, shall not interfere with or prejudice any valid adverse right or claim, if such exist, to said land or any part thereof, whether derived from Spain, Mexico, or the United States, or preclude a judicial examination and adjustment thereof.

Approved, March 8, 1866.