United States v. Babcock Same/Opinion of the Court

These cases, which were argued together, are appeals by the United States from judgments entered in the Court of Claims. In each an officer in the army recovered compensation under the Act of March 3, 1885, c. 335, 23 Stat. 350 (Comp. St. § 6403), for the loss, while in the service, without fault or negligence on his part, of privately owned personal property. In each case the claim had been duly presented within two years of the occurrence of the loss, and the Secretary of War had decided that the articles in question were 'reasonable, useful, necessary, and proper for' such officer 'while in quarters, engaged in the public service, in the line of duty.'

In the Babcock Case the horse of a captain stationed at the Presidio died in 1910 of strangulation because the government furnished as the forage ration barley with the awns on it. In the Hayden Case, a lieutenant stationed at Texas City, Tex., lost in 1915 his personal effects during a hurricane and inundation, while he was endeavoring to save the property of the government and of others as well as his own. The claim for the horse had been disallowed by the Auditor of the War Department on the ground that 'the death of officer's horse was not caused by any exigency of the service, nor from a cause incident to or produced by the military service.' He had disallowed the claim for the personal effects because 'the property was not lost or destroyed by being shipped on an unseaworthy vessel, nor by reason of the claimant giving his attention to saving property belonging to the United States,' and the Auditor's decision was affirmed on appeal by the Comptroller of the Treasury. The Auditor made no finding as to the value of the property lost. This was fixed by the Court of Claims at $200 for the horse and $333 for the personal effects; and for these amounts it entered judgments on the authority of Newcomber v. United States, 51 Ct. Cl. 408, and Andrews v. United States, 52 Ct. Cl. 373. The loss in each case occurred prior to April 5, 1917, so that the rights of the parties are not affected by the provisions of the Act of March 28, 1918, c. 28, 40 Stat. 459, 479, 480, or chapter VI of the Act of July 9, 1918, c. 143, 40 Stat. 845, 880, 881.

The questions whether the Act of March 3, 1885 authorizes recovery for horses under any circumstances and under what circumstances it authorizes recovery for other personal property have long been the subject of controversy in the Auditing Department and in that of the Comptroller of the Treasury. See 20 Decisions of the Comptroller, 238. But here we are confronted with the preliminary inquiry: Has Congress conferred upon the Court of Claims jurisdiction to determine in any case whether recovery may be had under that statute for an article lost or destroyed? The right asserted is based upon the provision which declares:

'That the proper accounting officers of the Treasury be, and     they are hereby, authorized and directed to examine into,      ascertain, and determine the value of the private property      belonging to officers and enlisted men in the military      service of the United States which has been, or may hereafter      be, lost or destroyed in the military service, under the      following circumstances: *  *  * ' and that 'the amount of such      loss so ascertained and determined shall be paid out of any      money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, and shall be in full for all such loss or      damage.'

These general rules are well settled: (1) That the United States, when it creates rights in individuals against itself, is under no obligation to provide a remedy through the courts. United States ex rel. Dunlap v. Black, 128 U.S. 40, 9 Sup. Ct. 12, 32 L. Ed. 354; Ex parte Atocha, 17 Wall. 439, 21 L. Ed. 696; Gordon v. United States, 7 Wall. 188, 195, 19 L. Ed. 35; De Groot v. United States, 5 Wall. 419, 431, 433, 18 L. Ed. 700; Comegys v. Vasse, 1 Pet. 193, 212, 7 L. Ed. 108. (2) That where a statute creates a right and provides a special remedy, that remedy is exclusive. Wilder Manufacturing Co. v. Corn Products Co., 236 U.S. 165, 174, 175, 35 Sup. Ct. 398, 59 L. Ed. 520, Ann. Cas. 1916A, 118; Arnson v. Murphy, 109 U.S. 238, 3 Sup. Ct. 184, 27 L. Ed. 920; Barnet v. National Bank, 98 U.S. 555, 558, 25 L. Ed. 212; Farmers' & Mechanics' National Bank v. Dearing, 91 U.S. 29, 35, 23 L. Ed. 196. Still the fact that the right and the remedy are thus intertwined might not, if the provision stood alone, require us to hold that the remedy expressly given excludes a right of review by the Court of Claims, where the decision of the special tribunal involved no disputed question of fact and the denial of compensation was rested wholly upon the construction of the act. See Medbury v. United States, 173 U.S. 492, 198, 19 Sup. Ct. 503, 43 L. Ed. 779; Parish v. MacVeagh, 214 U.S. 124, 29 Sup. Ct. 556, 53 L. Ed. 936; McLean v. United States, 226 U.S. 374, 33 Sup. Ct. 122, 57 L. Ed. 260; United States v. Laughlin (No. 200), 249 U.S. 440, 39 Sup. Ct. 340, 63 L. Ed. 696, decided April 14, 1919. But here Congress has provided:

'That any claim which shall be presented and acted on under     authority of this act shall be held as finally determined,      and shall never thereafter be reopened or considered.'

These words express clearly the intention to confer upon the Treasury Department exclusive jurisdiction and to make its decision final. The case of United States v. Harmon, 147 U.S. 268, 13 Sup. Ct. 327, 37 L. Ed. 164, strongly relied upon by claimants, has no application. Compare D. M. Ferry & Co. v. United States, 85 Fed. 550, 557, 29 C. C. A. 345.

In the Babcock Case claimant insists also that section 3482 of the Revised Statutes (Comp. St. § 6390), as amended by Act of June 22, 1874, c. 395, 18 Stat. 193 (Comp. St. §§ 6391, 6392) affords a basis for the recovery. That section provided for reimbursement for horses lost in the military service, among other things 'in consequence of the United States failing to supply sufficient forage.' The 1874 amendment provided for reimbursement in any case 'where the loss resulted from any exigency or necessity of the military service, unless it was caused by the fault or negligence of such officers or enlisted men.' Even if these statutes were applicable to facts like those presented here, there could be no recovery; because under Act Jan. 9, 1883, c. 15, 22 Stat. 401, and Act Aug. 13, 1888, c. 868, 25 Stat. 437, the right to present claims under section 3482 of the Revised Statutes as amended finally expired in 1891. See Griffis v. United States, 52 Ct. Cl. 1, 170.

The Court of Claims was without jurisdiction in either case, and the judgments are Reversed.