United States Code/Title 35/Chapter 10/Section 103

'''Section 103. Conditions for patentability; non-obvious subject matter'''

(a) A patent may not be obtained though the invention is not identically disclosed or described as set forth in of this title, if the differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter pertains. Patentability shall not be negatived by the manner in which the invention was made.

(b)(1) Notwithstanding subsection (a), and upon timely election by the applicant for patent to proceed under this subsection, a biotechnological process using or resulting in a composition of matter that is novel under and nonobvious under subsection (a) of this section shall be considered nonobvious if—


 * (A) claims to the process and the composition of matter are contained in either the same application for patent or in separate applications having the same effective filing date; and


 * (B) the composition of matter, and the process at the time it was invented, were owned by the same person or subject to an obligation of assignment to the same person.


 * (2) A patent issued on a process under paragraph (1)—


 * (A) shall also contain the claims to the composition of matter used in or made by that process, or


 * (B) shall, if such composition of matter is claimed in another patent, be set to expire on the same date as such other patent, notwithstanding.


 * (3) For purposes of paragraph (1), the term “biotechnological process” means—


 * (A) a process of genetically altering or otherwise inducing a single- or multi-celled organism to—


 * (i) express an exogenous nucleotide sequence,


 * (ii) inhibit, eliminate, augment, or alter expression of an endogenous nucleotide sequence, or


 * (iii) express a specific physiological characteristic not naturally associated with said organism;


 * (B) cell fusion procedures yielding a cell line that expresses a specific protein, such as a monoclonal antibody; and


 * (C) a method of using a product produced by a process defined by subparagraph (A) or (B), or a combination of subparagraphs (A) and (B).

(c)(1) Subject matter developed by another person, which qualifies as prior art only under one or more of subsections (e), (f), and (g) of of this title, shall not preclude patentability under this section where the subject matter and the claimed invention were, at the time the claimed invention was made, owned by the same person or subject to an obligation of assignment to the same person.


 * (2) For purposes of this subsection, subject matter developed by another person and a claimed invention shall be deemed to have been owned by the same person or subject to an obligation of assignment to the same person if—


 * (A) the claimed invention was made by or on behalf of parties to a joint research agreement that was in effect on or before the date the claimed invention was made;


 * (B) the claimed invention was made as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of the joint research agreement; and


 * (C) the application for patent for the claimed invention discloses or is amended to disclose the names of the parties to the joint research agreement.


 * (3) For purposes of paragraph (2), the term “joint research agreement” means a written contract, grant, or cooperative agreement entered into by two or more persons or entities for the performance of experimental, developmental, or research work in the field of the claimed invention.

Source
(July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 798; Pub. L. 98-622, title I, Sec. 103, Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3384; Pub. L. 104-41, Sec. 1, Nov. 1, 1995, 109 Stat. 351; Pub. L. 106-113, div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(9) [title IV, Sec. 4807(a)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-591; Pub. L. 108-453, Sec. 2, Dec. 10, 2004, 118 Stat. 3596.)

Historical and Revision Notes
There is no provision corresponding to the first sentence explicitly stated in the present statutes, but the refusal of patents by the Patent Office, and the holding of patents invalid by the courts, on the ground of lack of invention or lack of patentable novelty has been followed since at least as early as 1850. This paragraph is added with the view that an explicit statement in the statute may have some stabilizing effect, and also to serve as a basis for the addition at a later time of some criteria which may be worked out.

The second sentence states that patentability as to this requirement is not to be negatived by the manner in which the invention was made, that is, it is immaterial whether it resulted from long toil and experimentation or from a flash of genius.

2004
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108-453 amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) read as follows: “Subject matter developed by another person, which qualifies as prior art only under one or more of subsections (e), (f), and (g) of section 102 of this title, shall not preclude patentability under this section where the subject matter and the claimed invention were, at the time the invention was made, owned by the same person or subject to an obligation of assignment to the same person.”

Effective Date of 2004 Amendment
Pub. L. 108-453, Sec. 3, Dec. 10, 2004, 118 Stat. 3596, provided that:


 * “(a) In General.—The amendments made by this Act [amending this section] shall apply to any patent granted on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 10, 2004].


 * “(b) Special Rule.—The amendments made by this Act shall not affect any final decision of a court or the United States Patent and Trademark Office rendered before the date of the enactment of this Act, and shall not affect the right of any party in any action pending before the United States Patent and Trademark Office or a court on the date of the enactment of this Act to have that party's rights determined on the basis of the provisions of title 35, United States Code, in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of this Act.”

1999
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106-113 substituted “one or more of subsections (e), (f), and (g)” for “subsection (f) or (g)”.

Effective Date of 1999 Amendment
Pub. L. 106-113, div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(9) [title IV, Sec. 4807(b)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-591, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to any application for patent filed on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1999].”

1995
Pub. L. 104-41 designated first and second pars. as subsecs. (a) and (c), respectively, and added subsec. (b).

Effective Date of 1995 Amendment
Section 3 of Pub. L. 104-41 provided that: “The amendments made by section 1 [amending this section] shall apply to any application for patent filed on or after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 1, 1995] and to any application for patent pending on such date of enactment, including (in either case) an application for the reissuance of a patent.”

1984
Pub. L. 98-622 inserted “Subject matter developed by another person, which qualifies as prior art only under subsection (f) or (g) of section 102 of this title, shall not preclude patentability under this section where the subject matter and the claimed invention were, at the time the invention was made, owned by the same person or subject to an obligation of assignment to the same person.”

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment
Section 106 of Pub. L. 98-622 provided that:


 * “(a) Subject to subsections (b), (c), (d), and (e) of this section, the amendments made by this Act [probably should be “this title”, meaning title I of Pub. L. 98-622, enacting section 157 of this title, amending this section and sections 116, 120, 135, and 271 of this title, and enacting a provision set out as a note under section 157 of this title] shall apply to all United States patents granted before, on, or after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 8, 1984], and to all applications for United States patents pending on or filed after the date of enactment.


 * “(b) The amendments made by this Act shall not affect any final decision made by the court or the Patent and Trademark Office before the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 8, 1984], with respect to a patent or application for patent, if no appeal from such decision is pending and the time for filing an appeal has expired.


 * “(c) Section 271(f) of title 35, United States Code, added by section 101 of this Act shall apply only to the supplying, or causing to be supplied, of any component or components of a patented invention after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 8, 1984].


 * “(d) No United States patent granted before the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 8, 1984] shall abridge or affect the right of any person or his successors in business who made, purchased, or used prior to such effective date anything protected by the patent, to continue the use of, or to sell to others to be used or sold, the specific thing so made, purchased, or used, if the patent claims were invalid or otherwise unenforceable on a ground obviated by section 103 or 104 of this Act [amending this section and sections 116 and 120 of this title] and the person made, purchased, or used the specific thing in reasonable reliance on such invalidity or unenforceability. If a person reasonably relied on such invalidity or unenforceability, the court before which such matter is in question may provide for the continued manufacture, use, or sale of the thing made, purchased, or used as specified, or for the manufacture, use, or sale of which substantial preparation was made before the date of enactment of this Act, and it may also provide for the continued practice of any process practiced, or for the practice of which substantial preparation was made, prior to the date of enactment, to the extent and under such terms as the court deems equitable for the protection of investments made or business commenced before the date of enactment.


 * “(e) The amendments made by this Act shall not affect the right of any party in any case pending in court on the date of enactment [Nov. 8, 1984] to have their rights determined on the basis of the substantive law in effect prior to the date of enactment.”