Translation:Tolkappiyam/Structural morphemes

Source in Tamil

Note
 * The serial number at the end denotes the verse in the part of the literature

Translation
 * Example to the verse, cited by Elamburanar, an interpreter to the literature ‘Tolkappiyam’ who belongs to 11th century A.D. and others is given indented star-mark.

This chapter speaks on inter woven structural morphemes between or along with nouns verbs in Tamil language.

Functional definition

 * Structural morphemes function in relation in nouns and verbs and they are independent entities. 1

Classes of structural morphemes

 * They are semantically classified: intervening morphemes in coalescence, time designating verbal terminations, morphemes that inform case declensions, empty morpheme or expletive participle, euphonic participles, morphemes of suggestive import, comparison morphemes linking tenors and vehicle. 2

Extended functional positions

 * The occurrences of the extended functions of the structural morphemes are codified: prefixed, suffixed to words, having their word-finals modified, paring with or replacing another. 3

Multivalent significations

 * The morpheme [man] signifies: what is past, what has come into being and what is left understood. 4
 * The morpheme [thil] signifies the three senses: desire, time and what is left understood. 5
 * The morpheme [kon] signifies the four senses: fear, uselessness, time and excellence. 6
 * The morpheme [um] signifies the eight senses: incompleteness, distinctiveness, doubt, negation, complementariness, enumeration, definiteness and come into being. 7
 * The morpheme [oo’] signifies the six senses: exclusions, interrogation, negation, implication, definiteness and distinctiveness. 8
 * The morpheme [ee’] signifies the five senses: certainty, interrogation, exclusions, enumeration and euphonic syllable in verse. 9
 * The morpheme [e’na] signifies the six senses: activity, suggestiveness, euphonic suggestion, characteristics, enumeration and nominalization. 10
 * The morpheme [e’ntru] signifies the same six senses. 11

Special significations

 * The morpheme [thil] signifying desire goes with the verb of the first person. 12
 * The morpheme [ee’] denoting desire and the morpheme [oo’] denoting distinctiveness will take elongation. 13

Individual morphemes

 * The morpheme [marr’u] is used in two ways: the transformation of the verb to another form and the position of empty morpheme. 14
 * The morpheme [e’rr’u] signifies what is past and gone. 15
 * The morpheme [marr’aiyathu] signifies the other than that mentioned earlier. 16
 * The morpheme [manr’a] signifies certainty. 17
 * The morpheme [thanjam] signifies ‘being easy’. 18
 * The morpheme [anthil] signifies in two ways: there and ‘holding an empty meaningless position. 19
 * The morpheme [kol] signifies ‘doubt’. 20
 * The morpheme [e’l] signifies ‘luster’. 21

Suffix morphemes

 * Suffix morpheme [aar] after a name of a person will end accord with a predicate that ends with the same suffix. 22
 * It also stands as empty morpheme in cases. 23
 * Suffix morphemes [ee’] and [kurai] stand designating two senses: filling the metrical gap and empty morpheme. 24
 * Suffix morpheme [maa] designates imperative mood. 25
 * The six suffix morphemes [miyaa], [iga], [moo’], [mathi], [igum] and [sin] come after the verb of second person imperative mood. 26
 * Among the six above, two morphemes [igum] and [sin] will also come after the verbs of other (first and second) person mood. 27

More individual morphemes

 * Morpheme [amma] seeks the attention of the addressee. 28
 * Morpheme [aanga] is an empty morpheme that takes a time-pass to next conversation. 29
 * Morpheme [poo’lum] being an empty-simile intervenes in conversation to denote doubtfulness. 30
 * The seven morphemes [yaa], [kaa], [pir’a], [pir’kku], [ara], [poo’] and [maathu] are also stand empty-morphemes. 31
 * Morphemes [aaka] and [aakal] being empty-morphemes assimilate the verb [aagu] (= bee useful). 32
 * Morpheme [au] that do not stand as a word or ending phoneme of a word with its individual capacity or with elongation will come between the conversation to dente acclamation. 33
 * Morphemes [n”anr’ee], [antree’], [anthoo’] and [antroo’] will come to make the speaker’s tone raise, in order to receive the attention of the addressee. 34
 * The two different morphemes [um] denoting succession and [um] denoting negation do not mingle together in a sentence. 35
 * Morpheme [um] meaning ‘also’ does not stand in main clause. 36
 * It may come in main clause being a suffix to the word [e’llaam] (meaning ‘all’), [e’llaavarr’aiyum]. 37
 * Morpheme [ee’] that stands in the end of a sentence will also be articulated in single unit of sound. 38

Enumerating morphemes

 * Morphemes [um] and [e’na] will mingle in succession while enumerating. 39
 * The continuity of the enumerating morpheme [ee’] will disappear in some words in successive form of enumeration in a sentence. 40
 * Morpheme [e’naa] having [um]-morpheme understood and morpheme [e’ntraa] are used to enumerate. 41
 * Among the enumerating morphemes, morphemes [e’naa], [e’ntraa] and [ee’] will be added with the counted number. 42
 * Enumerating morpheme [um] may stand ellipsis. 43
 * Morpheme [um] is modified to [unthu] (in poems). 44
 * Enumeration will occur on verbs too. 45
 * Enumerating morphemes [e’ntru] and [e’na] and case-morpheme [odu] will mingle in succession in a sentence. 46
 * Though the sense of each morpheme is described here in accordance with its nature and through they may change in form and sense when appearing with the verbs and * nouns: you must have them all after knowing their true nature. 47
 * If there is new formation, we must have them within the frame-work cited. 48