Translation:Tolkappiyam/Residual components

Source in Tamil

Note
 * The serial number at the end denotes the verse in the part of the literature

Translation
 * Example to the verse, cited by Elamburanar, an interpreter to the literature ‘Tolkappiyam’ who belongs to 11th century A.D. and others is given indented star-mark.

This chapter defines the lexical corpus of various kinds in Tamil.

Four kinds of words

 * The four kinds of words in Tamil-poetry are: [iyar’ccol] (=standard words), [thirisol] (=synonyms and homonyms), [thisaic-col] (=dialectal words) and [vada-sol] (=borrowed words from northern language) 1
 * Among these four the (primary kind of) standard words are the usage in Tamil land occurring with the semantic core unaffected. 2
 * The next kind of words is two kinds: synonyms and homonyms. 3
 * The third kind of words is dialects spoken in twelve regions surrounding Tamil land. 4
 * The fourth kind of words is borrowed ones from northern language leaving its sound and adopting its sound in accordance with native natural sound. 5
 * Even the words with broken northern sound of phoneme to assimilate the native sound of phoneme are also accepted in Tamil. 6

Phonemic deviations in poetry

 * The learned says that the four kinds of words will also be used in modified forms such as: a soft consonant is altered to hard consonant, a hard consonant is altered to soft consonant, there occurs an augmentation of sound, there marks an elision of phoneme, there is the lengthening of short vowel and shortening of a long vowel. 7

Modes of word construction in poems

 * There are four kinds of word constructions to denote the sequence of meaning found in poems: 1 [n”iral-n”ir’ai], 2 [sun’n’am], 3 [adi-mar’i] and 4 [adi-mar’i]. 8
 * In the first mode of word construction, a group of nouns and their group of verbs are constructed linking separately. 9
 * In the second mode of word construction, words are constructed in deft manner within two lines. 10
 * In the third mode of word construction, lines of stanza inter-changed without change of meaning. 11
 * In the fourth mode of word construction, the ending word being the subject is knotted to the predicate that stands in the beginning. 12
 * The second mode of word construction is also named as [mozi-maatru]. In this mode nouns and verbs stand here and there jumbled. 13

Compound words

 * Kinship names beginning with the letters [tha], [n”a], [n”u] and [e’] do not lend themselves to splitting.
 * (Words [tham], [n”am], [n”um] and [e’m] are core of words. 14

Reduplication

 * Material euphonic compliment, syllabic fillers and sense carriers are the three classes in which the reduplication functions. 15

Compound words

 * Kinds of six compound words are: compounds involving case relations, compounds involving comparisons morphemes, compounds of verbal roots, compounds involving adjectival relations, compounds involving conjunctive morphemes and compounds involving implied heads. 16
 * Case-compound occurs without case-morpheme but indicating the case. 17
 * Comparison-compound occurs without comparison-morpheme but indicating. 18
 * Tense-compound is a combination of two words a noun after a verb root that indicates all three senses. 19
 * Adjective-compound indicates the color, shape, measurement, taste, etc. of an object. 20
 * Conjunction-compound is a combination of words where the conjunction-morpheme is under-mining. It is a compound of two or more nouns. Terms of measurement, enumeration, weight and numerals will stand compounding in this category. 21
 * Elliptical-head-compound stands apart from the direct meaning the compounding words but indicates the head that has them. This formation occurs on the three kinds of compounds (of the six): adjective-compound, conjunctive-compound and case-compound. 22
 * There the meaning stands on first or second or both words. 23
 * All the compound formation of words are considered as one-form of word. 24
 * Conjunction-compound in man-generic-class will be names or terms of persons. 25

Pathetic fallacies

 * Poems speak the static object in coming and non-speaking beings speak. 26

Reduplications

 * Euphonic terms reduplicate four times. 27
 * Swift terms reduplicate three times. 28
 * Some kind of empty morphemes reduplicate two times.
 * Examples: [kandiir kandiir] (=you see, see), [kondiir, kondiir] (=you bought, bought), [se’nr’athu, se’nr’athu] (=went, went), [poo’yirrtu, poo’yirrtu] (=gone aaway, gone away), etc. indicating interrogation. 29
 * These empty morphemes, where they do not come in second person reduplicate as above.
 * Examples: [ke’ttai, ke’ttai] (=hear, hear), [n”intrai, n”intrai] (=stop, stop), [kaaththaI, kaaththai] (=protect, protect) and [kandai, kandai] (=look, look). 30

Tense

 * Past, present and future are the tenses used in first, second and third persons being explicit and appellative (finite) verbs. 31
 * All the finite verbs go in this way. 32
 * Even if they come one after another, they can end with one subject. 33

Forms of incomplete significations

 * Forms of incomplete significations are ten kinds: 1 (implied) exclusion, 2 adjectives, 3 adverbs, 4 (elliptical) suggestive-forms, 5 (implied) negation, 6 * elliptical conjunctive forms, 7 structural morpheme [e’na], 8 sentence ellipsis, 9 forms of inference and 10 euphonic (elliptical) forms. 34
 * Among those the first one, implied exclusion marks the implication sense. 35
 * Adverbs end with finite verb or appellative verb. If it ends with appellative verb, the cause of action should have been included. 36
 * Adjective will be followed by a noun. 37
 * Forms of elliptical suggestive will end with elliptical sense. 38
 * Implied negation will be used to indicate negation. 39
 * Elliptical conjunctive forms end in active voice. 40
 * An elliptical conjunctive form after a present tense, will precede indicating future tense too; and a past tense indicating future tense too. 41
 * Structural morpheme [e’na] will end with finite verb. 42
 * The other three (among the ten defined above) forms of incomplete signification will not end with word but with sense, says the learned. 43
 * It implies the tense in context. 44
 * Sense will be implied before and after the infinite verb [e’na]. 45

Certain usages

 * Words unfit for use in assembly will be expressed by substituted words that imply the sense. 46
 * Retreated words will be substituted only from the usage. 47
 * Three verbs, [ii], [thaa] and [kodu] indicate the sense of entreat. 48
 * The verb [ii] is used by inferior person for the beneficiary. 49
 * The verb [thaa] is used by the person in equal states. 50
 * The verb [kodu] is used by the superior. 51
 * The verb [kodu] that belongs to third person will also be used with first person. 52

Words beyond formulaic expressions

 * 1) Dub-names, limb-names, ancestry-usage-names, accepted-usage-names, [manthiram] (=words of prayers), etc. could not be defined in formula. 53

Word-expression formulas

 * 1) The verb [se’yyaay] in imperative mood will also come in active mood. 54
 * 2) Morphemes [ii] and [ee’] assimilating with the ending consonant of a verb are used in second person mood. 55
 * 3) Neologism found in usage through ages not to be discarded. 56
 * 4) Part-word omitting phonemes will also have the full-fledged capacity. 57
 * 5) All structural morphemes are to be considered as case-morphemes that differentiate the position of a noun. 58
 * 6) Some literary participles are also come under the category above. 59
 * 7) Adverbs assimilating with the verbs may also assimilate with the verbs having followed with some other interludes. 60

Extraordinary senses in formation

 * 1) Some sense of meaning are inferred though discourse. 61
 * 2) Comparative inference of meaning is also be accorded in context. 62
 * 3) Defining class will not be separated. 63
 * 4) Singular term denoting kinship can also be added plural name in human-generic-class. 64
 * 5) Singular term in second person will also be implied to plural of that person in the ‘literature of guide-lines towards patrons’. 65

Residual formulas

 * 1) Relevant terms will be found out for all kinds of usage from the formula spoken in this section, which are derived from the spoken language and literature find out. 66