Translation:Tolkappiyam/Modes of comparison

Source in Tamil

Note
 * The serial number at the end denotes the verse in the part of the literature

Translation
 * Example to the verse, cited by Elamburanar, an interpreter to the literature ‘Tolkappiyam’ who belongs to 11th century A.D. and others is given indented star-mark.

This chapter approaches to explain usage of comparison in literature as well as spoken language and classification of terms used to compare.

Basic notes to follow


 * Transslation
 * 1) Activities, result, shape and color are four modes, the comparison raises. (1)
 * 2) Combined modes of above are also adopted, says the learned. (2)
 * 3) Object of the simile will be superior to the subject compared. (3)
 * 4) The bases of comparison are four; the excellence, the goodness, the affection and strength. (4)
 * 5) The fifth indignity base is may be added. (5)
 * 6) A branch or arm of a subject may also be compared to an object. (6)
 * 7) Comparison can be inferred even without conjunction referring to it. (7)
 * 8) There should be resemblance between the subject and object compared. (8)
 * 9) Metaphor is also a kind of simile. (9)
 * 10) The magnanimity and inferiority appear by the message conveyed. (10)

Comparative conjunction – like

 * 1) There are thirty six terms of comparative conjunctions in usage denoting like; [anna], [ee’yppa], [ur’za], [o’ppa], [e’nna], [maana], [o’nr’a], [odunga], [o’tta], [aanga], [venr’a], [viyappa], [e’ll’a], [vizaiya], [ir’appa], [n”ikarppa], [kall’a], [kaduppa], [aanga], [pulla], [poruva], [por’ppa], [poo’la], ve’lla], [viiza], [n”aada], [n”al’iya], [n”adunga], [n”an”tha], [oo’da] and  [puraiya]. (11)
 * 2) Among them eight terms of conjunctions are attached to verbs of actions; [anna], [aanga], [maana], [ir’appa], [e’nna], [ur’za], [thagaiya] and [n”oo’kka]. (12)
 * 3) Term [anna] will end in denoting other modes of comparisons. (13)
 * 4) These eight terms are attached to predicate; - [e’ll’a], [vizaiya], [pulla], [poruva], [kall’a], [mathippa], [ve’lla] and [viiza]. (14)
 * 5) These eight terms are attached to nature of color etc. – [kaduppa], [ee’yppa], [marul’a], [puraiya], [o’tta], [o’dunda], [oo’tta] and [n”ikarppa]. (15)
 * 6) These eight terms are attached to denote the size of an object; - [poo’la], [mar’uppa], [oppa], [kaayththa], [n”ra], [viyappa], [n”al’ya] and [n’’antha]. (16)
 * 7) Meaning of comparison follows by usage. (17)
 * 8) The four-fold modes may also appear in eight-fold. (18)
 * 9) The greatness and littleness appear based on manifest emotions. (19)
 * 10) The matter of what happened is also inferred from the usage of comparison. (20)
 * 11) The object of comparison is followed from the usage of learned. (21)

Moods of comparison

 * 1) Reduplicative words are also a kind of comparison. (22)
 * 2) Matter of comparison varies in various contexts as per learned. (23)
 * 3) There are five kinds of duplicate comparison according to usage of learned. (24)
 * 4) They rise from the bases; - verb, object of result, arms or parts, qualities and sources. (25)
 * 5) Heroine’s comparison appears in her limit of abiding place. (26)
 * 6) The comparison of maid-friend of heroine extends to native place. (27)
 * 7) Hero’s comparison will be strong beyond the known limit. (28)
 * 8) Others’ comparison does not have the limit of dwelling place. (29)
 * 9) The result of comparison will end in pleasure or pain. (30)
 * 10) Heroine compares only in two places of modes. (31)
 * 11) Hero compares beyond place limit. (32)
 * 12) Conversation between foster-mother and her daughter (maid-friend of heroine) follows with the comparison according to their limit. (33)
 * 13) Incomparable matters may also be compared. (34)
 * 14) This is a kind of comparison. (35)
 * 15) Inference of comparison among speech is also considered. (36)
 * 16) It is like that in one way but not like that in other way - is also a kind of comparison. (37)
 * 17) Too many comparisons should be avoided, where there is no occurrence of figure of speech such as transpose of matrix and splinted array of words in verses. (38)