Translation:Overview of Industrial Testing Outcome of Respiratory Organs Personal Protection Equipment

State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education «I.M. Sechenov Moscow State Medical University», 119991 Moscow, RF

Abstract: The article presents information about studies that had been performed to assess the effectiveness of personal respiratory protection (RPD) in the workplace environment for the last 45 years. These data necessitate a revision of fundamental provisions of the respirators selection depending on a known degree of air pollution in the breathing zone.

Key words: respirator, RPD (Respiratory Protective Devices), the Protection Factor, personal sampler, harmful gases and aerosols.

In the workplace, in those cases where it is impossible to apply the technological, technical and sanitary preventive measures (or their low efficiency) [59] for the protection of workers from harmful substances in workplace air in concentrations exceeding the PEL, use RPE. To adequately protect people working in hazardous conditions, requires information on the effectiveness of respiratory protective equipment of various types (designs). In RF, the employer can get it from the state standards (GOST) (which define the quality requirements for certified RPE), directory of manufacturers and publications in the technical literature, in which the coefficients are specified protection respirators different designs.

It is important to emphasize that the choice of appropriate respiratory protective equipment in Russia use protection factors (PF - the ratio of the concentration of contaminants outside the mask of concentration under the mask), obtained from the certification tests in the laboratory. This approach has been generally accepted in the developed countries about 30 years ago. However, the identification of cases of occupational diseases with the correct selection and use of the serviceable respirators, convinced specialists less RPE efficiency in industrial environments with respect to efficiency in the laboratory [15]. This prompted for more research to determine the PF of respirators not only in the laboratory but also in the production environment.

Table 1 presents a brief description of a number of studies carried out to determine the coefficients of protection RPE in the workplace.

1 – The subscript corresponds to the number of that study, which is described in detail in the review [20]. The list of studies: - the index in the table (page source); authors /source (date).
 * - 1B (page 34051); C. Coulton, H. Mullins and J. Bidwell / Report at: American Industrial Hygiene Conference and Exposition (AIHCE) (1994).
 * - 1C (p. 34051); C. Coulton and H. Mullins / Report at conference: AIHCE (1992).
 * - 2 (p. 34052); T. Nelson and S. Dixon / Report at conference: AIHCE (1985).
 * - 2A (p. 34058); C. Colton, A. Johnston et al / Report at conference: AIHCE (1989).
 * - 5 (p. 34062); W. Albrecht, G. Carter et al / Report at conference: AIHCE (1986).
 * - 14 (p. 34057); C. Colton, A.R. Johnston et al / Report at conference: AIHCE (1990).
 * - 15 (p. 34057); C. Colton, H. Mullins & C. Rhoe / Report at conference: AIHCE (1990).
 * - 16 (p. 34058); A. Johnston and H. Mullins / Report at conference: AIHCE (1987).
 * - 18 (p. 34061); C. Colton and H. Mullins / Report at conference: AIHCE (1990).
 * - 19 (p. 34066); C. Colton, H. Mullins, & Bidwell / Report at conference: AIHCE (1992).
 * - 20 (p. 34065); A. Johnston, C. Colton et al / Report at conference: AIHCE (1989).
 * - 26 (p. 34064); D.V. Collia, et al. / Report at conference: AIHCE (2001).
 * - 27 (p. 34061); D. Keys, H. Guy and M. Axon / Report at conference: AIHCE (1990).
 * - 28 (p. 34065); A. Johnston, D. Stokes et al / Report at conference: AIHCE (1987).

2 - E (Effective protection coefficient, effective PF) is the protection factor of the respirator, which is measured in the workplace during the period of work without regard to employee uses a respirator all the time, or does not use a respirator all their working time.

3 - W (protection factor in the workplace, Workplace PF) - protection factor of the respirator, as measured in the workplace only in those periods of time when respiratory protective equipment is used continuously.

4 - B (Biomonitoring) - to determine the effectiveness of respirators experts compare the content of harmful substances or products of their decomposition in the blood, urine, etc people who used respirators and people not exposed to the harmful effects.

5 - a respirator with an air supply under the mask - not negative presure respirator.

6 - N (unknown) - no information

To conduct a systematic scientific measurement and estimation of results was developed related terminology [43-45], formalized in [49]; and carried out statistical processing of results of measurements ([60], etc.).

Measurements of the coefficients of the protection of respirators in the workplace showed that the effectiveness of respirators may be significantly reduced due to the leakage of unfiltered air under the mask through the gaps between it and the face. Gaps can occur because of insufficient proper selection and use of masks and mask slipping during operation.

Table 2 shows the differences in performance requirements to RPD most common types of certification in the laboratory, and the tightening limit the scope of their permitted use (MUC, APF), which occurred due to the discovery of a significant leakage of contaminated air through the gaps during the measurements in the workplace.


 * 1) 42 Code of Federal Register Part 84 Respiratory Protective Devices
 * 2) BS EH 136:1998 Full face masks. Requirements, testing, marking.
 * 3) ANSI Z88.2 “Respiratory protection” (1980 and 1992).
 * 4) US Standard 29 CFR 1910.134 ”Respiratory protection”
 * 5) Bureau of Mines “Respirator Approval Schedule 21B” 1965

The studies have shown that the efficiency of the respiratory protective equipment in the workplace depends on : their design; the degree of training workers to use respirators; fit of the mask to the face; the mobility of the employee during operation; microclimatic conditions and other factors. For example, at an elevated temperature due to non-continuous application of high-efficiency respirators effect from their application could be missing (PF = 1.1; 1.2 [73], etc.). The risk of significant and unpredictable reduce the protective properties of common negative pressure respirators prompted to prohibit the use of such respirators (without constant positive pressure under the mask) when levels of air pollutio is, immediately dangerous to life and health IDLH (when short-term exposure can lead to acute poisoning, irreversible damage to the health and/or prevent evacuation, for example - because of the impact on the eye). The values of these concentrations in the RF is not installed, and it hurt to use the conventional methods of selection of respirators.

The results of the few RF studies evaluating the effectiveness of respiratory protective equipment at the workplace, or do not take into account the difference in the leakage of gas and aerosol [1,4], or substantially consistent with the results of foreign studies [2,3,5,6]. But they are not reflected in the sanitary and legislative documents of the RF, and selection of respirators in enterprises is not regulated by the state now.

Conclusions
 * 1) It is necessary to develop selection criteria and requirements for the use of RPD, with the introduction of their substantive provisions in the sanitary legislation.
 * 2) Such criteria should take into account the discrepancy of the declared coefficients of protection actually afforded to workers.
 * 3) The existing RF system of certification of respirators do not provide effective protection of workers.

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