Trade Practices Act 1974/Part I

An Act relating to certain Trade Practices

Part I—Preliminary

1 Short title [see Note 1]
This Act may be cited as the Trade Practices Act 1974.

2 Object of this Act
The object of this Act is to enhance the welfare of Australians through the promotion of competition and fair trading and provision for consumer protection.

2A Application of Act to Commonwealth and Commonwealth authorities
(1)	Subject to this section and sections 44AC, 44E and 95D, this Act binds the Crown in right of the Commonwealth in so far as the Crown in right of the Commonwealth carries on a business, either directly or by an authority of the Commonwealth.

(2)	Subject to the succeeding provisions of this section, this Act applies as if:

(a)	the Commonwealth, in so far as it carries on a business otherwise than by an authority of the Commonwealth; and

(b)	each authority of the Commonwealth (whether or not acting as an agent of the Crown in right of the Commonwealth) in so far as it carries on a business; were a corporation.

(3)	Nothing in this Act makes the Crown in right of the Commonwealth liable to a pecuniary penalty or to be prosecuted for an offence.

(3A)	The protection in subsection (3) does not apply to an authority of the Commonwealth.

(4)	Part IV does not apply in relation to the business carried on by the Commonwealth in developing, and disposing of interests in, land in the Australian Capital Territory.

2B Application of Act to States and Territories
(1)	The following provisions of this Act bind the Crown in right of each of the States, of the Northern Territory and of the Australian Capital Territory, so far as the Crown carries on a business, either directly or by an authority of the State or Territory:

(a)	Part IV;

(aa)	Part VB;

(b)	Part XIB;

(c)	the other provisions of this Act so far as they relate to the above provisions.

(2)	Nothing in this Act renders the Crown in right of a State or Territory liable to a pecuniary penalty or to be prosecuted for an offence.

(3)	The protection in subsection (2) does not apply to an authority of a State or Territory.

2BA Application of Part IV to local government bodies
(1)	Part IV applies in relation to a local government body only to the extent that it carries on a business, either directly or by an incorporated company in which it has a controlling interest.

(2)	In this section: local government body means a body established by or under a law of a State or Territory for the purposes of local government, other than a body established solely or primarily for the purposes of providing a particular service, such as the supply of electricity or water.

2C Activities that are not business
(1)	For the purposes of sections 2A, 2B and 2BA, the following do not amount to carrying on a business:

(a)	imposing or collecting:

(i)	taxes; or

(ii)	levies; or

(iii)	fees for licences;

(b)	granting, refusing to grant, revoking, suspending or varying licences (whether or not they are subject to conditions);

(c)	a transaction involving:

(i)	only persons who are all acting for the Crown in the same right (and none of whom is an authority of the Commonwealth or an authority of a State or Territory); or

(ii)	only persons who are all acting for the same authority of the Commonwealth; or

(iii)	only persons who are all acting for the same authority of a State or Territory; or

(iv)	only the Crown in right of the Commonwealth and one or more non commercial authorities of the Commonwealth; or

(v)	only the Crown in right of a State or Territory and one or more non commercial authorities of that State or Territory; or

(vi)	only non commercial authorities of the Commonwealth; or

(vii)	only non commercial authorities of the same State or Territory; or

(viii)	only persons who are all acting for the same local government body (within the meaning of section 2BA) or for the same incorporated company in which such a body has a controlling interest;

(d)	the acquisition of primary products by a government body under legislation, unless the acquisition occurs because:

(i)	the body chooses to acquire the products; or

(ii)	the body has not exercised a discretion that it has under the legislation that would allow it not to acquire the products.

(2)	Subsection (1) does not limit the things that do not amount to carrying on a business for the purposes of sections 2A, 2B and 2BA.

(3)	In this section: acquisition of primary products by a government body under legislation includes vesting of ownership of primary products in a government body by legislation. government body means the Commonwealth, a State, a Territory, an authority of the Commonwealth or an authority of a State or Territory.

licence means a licence that allows the licensee to supply goods or services. primary products means:

(a)	agricultural or horticultural produce; or

(b)	crops, whether on or attached to the land or not; or

(c)	animals (whether dead or alive); or

(d)	the bodily produce (including natural increase) of animals.

(4)	For the purposes of this section, an authority of the Commonwealth or an authority of a State or Territory is non commercial if:

(a)	it is constituted by only one person; and

(b)	it is neither a trading corporation nor a financial corporation.

3 Repeal
The Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1971 and the Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1972 are repealed.

4 Interpretation
(1)	In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears:

acquire includes:

(a)	in relation to goods—acquire by way of purchase, exchange or taking on lease, on hire or on hire purchase; and

(b)	in relation to services—accept.

AEMC or Australian Energy Market Commission means the body established by section 5 of the Australian Energy Market Commission Establishment Act 2004 of South Australia.

AER or Australian Energy Regulator means the body established by section 44AE.

AER Chair means the Chair of the AER.

AER member means a member of the AER.

arrive at, in relation to an understanding, includes reach or enter into.

authorisation means:

(a)	an authorisation under Division 1 of Part VII granted by the Commission or by the Tribunal on a review of a determination of the Commission; or

(b)	an authorisation under Division 3 of Part VII granted by the Tribunal. authority, in relation to a State or Territory (including an external Territory), means:

(a)	a body corporate established for a purpose of the State or the Territory by or under a law of the State or Territory; or

(b)	an incorporated company in which the State or the Territory, or a body corporate referred to in paragraph (a), has a controlling interest. authority of the Commonwealth means:

(a)	a body corporate established for a purpose of the Commonwealth by or under a law of the Commonwealth or a law of a Territory; or

(b)	an incorporated company in which the Commonwealth, or a body corporate referred to in paragraph (a), has a controlling interest.

banker includes, but is not limited to, a body corporate that is an ADI (authorised deposit taking institution) for the purposes of the Banking Act 1959.

business includes a business not carried on for profit.

Chairperson means the Chairperson of the Commission.

clearance means a clearance under Division 3 of Part VII granted by the Commission or by the Tribunal on a review of a determination of the Commission.

commencing date means 1 October 1974.

Commission means the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission established by section 6A, and includes a member of the Commission or a Division of the Commission performing functions of the Commission.

competition includes competition from imported goods or from services rendered by persons not resident or not carrying on business in Australia.

Competition Principles Agreement means the Competition Principles Agreement made on 11 April 1995 between the Commonwealth, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, Tasmania, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory, being that agreement as in force from time to time.

Conduct Code Agreement means the Conduct Code Agreement made on 11 April 1995 between the Commonwealth, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, Tasmania, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory, being that agreement as in force from time to time.

corporation means a body corporate that:

(a)	is a foreign corporation;

(b)	is a trading corporation formed within the limits of Australia or is a financial corporation so formed;

(c)	is incorporated in a Territory; or

(d)	is the holding company of a body corporate of a kind referred to in paragraph (a), (b) or (c).

Council means the National Competition Council established by section 29A.

Councillor means a member of the Council, including the Council President.

Council President means the Council President referred to in subsection 29C(1).

covenant' means a covenant (including a promise not under seal) annexed to or running with an estate or interest in land (whether at law or in equity and whether or not for the benefit of other land), and proposed covenant has a corresponding meaning.

debenture includes debenture stock, bonds, notes and any other document evidencing or acknowledging indebtedness of a body corporate, whether constituting a charge on property of the body corporate or not.

Deputy Chairperson means a Deputy Chairperson of the Commission.

Deputy President means a Deputy President of the Tribunal, and includes a person appointed to act as a Deputy President of the Tribunal.

Deputy Registrar means a Deputy Registrar of the Tribunal.

document includes:

(a)	a book, plan, paper, parchment or other material on which there is writing or printing, or on which there are marks, symbols or perforations having a meaning for persons qualified to interpret them; and

(b)	a disc, tape, paper or other device from which sounds or messages are capable of being reproduced. dual listed company arrangement has the same meaning as in section 125 60 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997.

Family Court Judge means a Judge of the Family Court (including the Chief Judge, the Deputy Chief Judge, a Judge Administrator or a Senior Judge).

financial corporation means a financial corporation within the meaning of paragraph 51(xx) of the Constitution and includes a body corporate that carries on as its sole or principal business the business of banking (other than State banking not extending beyond the limits of the State concerned) or insurance (other than State insurance not extending beyond the limits of the State concerned).

financial product has the same meaning as in Division 2 of Part 2 of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001.

financial service has the same meaning as in Division 2 of Part 2 of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001.

foreign corporation means a foreign corporation within the meaning of paragraph 51(xx) of the Constitution and includes a body corporate that is incorporated in an external Territory.

fully participating jurisdiction means a State or Territory that:

(a)	is a participating jurisdiction as defined in section 150A; and

(b)	is not named in a notice in operation under section 150K. give effect to, in relation to a provision of a contract, arrangement or understanding, includes do an act or thing in pursuance of or in accordance with or enforce or purport to enforce.

goods includes: (a)	ships, aircraft and other vehicles;

(b)	animals, including fish;

(c)	minerals, trees and crops, whether on, under or attached to land or not; and

(d)	gas and electricity.

member of the Commission includes the Chairperson and a person appointed to act as a member of the Commission but does not include an associate member of the Commission.

member of the Tribunal includes the President and a person appointed to act as a member of the Tribunal.

New Zealand Commerce Commission means the Commission established by section 8 of the Commerce Act 1986 of New Zealand.

New Zealand Crown corporation means a body corporate that is an instrument of the Crown in respect of the Government of New Zealand.

organisation of employees means an organisation that exists or is carried on for the purpose, or for purposes that include the purpose, of furthering the interests of its members in relation to their employment.

personal injury has (except in section 68B) a meaning affected by section 4KA.

practice of exclusive dealing means the practice of exclusive dealing referred to in subsection 47(2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8) or (9).

practice of resale price maintenance means the practice of resale price maintenance referred to in Part VIII.

President means the President of the Tribunal and includes a person appointed to act as President of the Tribunal.

presidential member or presidential member of the Tribunal means the President or a Deputy President.

price includes a charge of any description.

provision, in relation to an understanding, means any matter forming part of the understanding.

Registrar means the Registrar of the Tribunal.

require, in relation to the giving of a covenant, means require or demand the giving of a covenant, whether by way of making a contract containing the covenant or otherwise, and whether or not a covenant is given in pursuance of the requirement or demand.

send includes deliver, and sent and sender have corresponding meanings.

services includes any rights (including rights in relation to, and interests in, real or personal property), benefits, privileges or facilities that are, or are to be, provided, granted or conferred in trade or commerce, and without limiting the generality of the foregoing, includes the rights, benefits, privileges or facilities that are, or are to be, provided, granted or conferred under: (a)	a contract for or in relation to:

(i)	the performance of work (including work of a professional nature), whether with or without the supply of goods;

(ii)	the provision of, or the use or enjoyment of facilities for, amusement, entertainment, recreation or instruction; or

(iii)	the conferring of rights, benefits or privileges for which remuneration is payable in the form of a royalty, tribute, levy or similar exaction;

(b)	a contract of insurance;

(c)	a contract between a banker and a customer of the banker entered into in the course of the carrying on by the banker of the business of banking; or

(d)	any contract for or in relation to the lending of moneys; but does not include rights or benefits being the supply of goods or the performance of work under a contract of service.

share includes stock.

State/Territory AER member means an AER member referred to in section 44AP. supply, when used as a verb, includes:

(a)	in relation to goods—supply (including re supply) by way of sale, exchange, lease, hire or hire purchase; and

(b)	in relation to services—provide, grant or confer; and, when used as a noun, has a corresponding meaning, and supplied and supplier have corresponding meanings.

Territory means:

(a)	an internal Territory; or

(b)	the Territory of Christmas Island; or

(c)	the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands.

the Court or the Federal Court means the Federal Court of Australia.

the Family Court means the Family Court of Australia.

trade or commerce means trade or commerce within Australia or between Australia and places outside Australia.

trading corporation means a trading corporation within the meaning of paragraph 51(xx) of the Constitution.

Tribunal means the Australian Competition Tribunal, and includes a member of that Tribunal or a Division of that Tribunal performing functions of that Tribunal.

unsolicited goods means goods sent to a person without any request made by him or her or on his or her behalf.

unsolicited services means services supplied to a person without any request made by him or her or on his or her behalf.

(2)	In this Act:

(a)	a reference to engaging in conduct shall be read as a reference to doing or refusing to do any act, including the making of, or the giving effect to a provision of, a contract or arrangement, the arriving at, or the giving effect to a provision of, an understanding or the requiring of the giving of, or the giving of, a covenant;

(b)	a reference to conduct, when that expression is used as a noun otherwise than as mentioned in paragraph (a), shall be read as a reference to the doing of or the refusing to do any act, including the making of, or the giving effect to a provision of, a contract or arrangement, the arriving at, or the giving effect to a provision of, an understanding or the requiring of the giving of, or the giving of, a covenant;

(c)	a reference to refusing to do an act includes a reference to:

(i)	refraining (otherwise than inadvertently) from doing that act; or

(ii)	making it known that that act will not be done; and

(d)	a reference to a person offering to do an act, or to do an act on a particular condition, includes a reference to the person making it known that the person will accept applications, offers or proposals for the person to do that act or to do that act on that condition, as the case may be.

(3)	Where a provision of this Act is expressed to render a provision of a contract, or to render a covenant, unenforceable if the provision of the contract or the covenant has or is likely to have a particular effect, that provision of this Act applies in relation to the provision of the contract or the covenant at any time when the provision of the contract or the covenant has or is likely to have that effect notwithstanding that:

(a)	at an earlier time the provision of the contract or the covenant did not have that effect or was not regarded as likely to have that effect; or

(b)	the provision of the contract or the covenant will not or may not have that effect at a later time.

(4)	In this Act:

(a)	a reference to the acquisition of shares in the capital of a body corporate shall be construed as a reference to an acquisition, whether alone or jointly with another person, of any legal or equitable interest in such shares; and

(b)	a reference to the acquisition of assets of a person shall be construed as a reference to an acquisition, whether alone or jointly with another person, of any legal or equitable interest in such assets but does not include a reference to an acquisition by way of charge only or an acquisition in the ordinary course of business.

4A Subsidiary, holding and related bodies corporate
(1)	For the purposes of this Act, a body corporate shall, subject to subsection (3), be deemed to be a subsidiary of another body corporate if:

(a)	that other body corporate:

(i)	controls the composition of the board of directors of the first mentioned body corporate;

(ii)	is in a position to cast, or control the casting of, more than one half of the maximum number of votes that might be cast at a general meeting of the first mentioned body corporate; or

(iii)	holds more than one half of the allotted share capital of the first mentioned body corporate (excluding any part of that allotted share capital that carries no right to participate beyond a specified amount in a distribution of either profits or capital); or

(b)	the first mentioned body corporate is a subsidiary of any body corporate that is that other body corporate’s subsidiary (including any body corporate that is that other body corporate’s subsidiary by another application or other applications of this paragraph).

(2)	For the purposes of subsection (1), the composition of a body corporate’s board of directors shall be deemed to be controlled by another body corporate if that other body corporate, by the exercise of some power exercisable by it without the consent or concurrence of any other person, can appoint or remove all or a majority of the directors, and for the purposes of this provision that other body corporate shall be deemed to have power to make such an appointment if:

(a)	a person cannot be appointed as a director without the exercise in his or her favour by that other body corporate of such a power; or

(b)	a person’s appointment as a director follows necessarily from his or her being a director or other officer of that other body corporate.

(3)	In determining whether a body corporate is a subsidiary of another body corporate:

(a)	any shares held or power exercisable by that other body corporate in a fiduciary capacity shall be treated as not held or exercisable by it;

(b)	subject to paragraphs (c) and (d), any shares held or power exercisable:

(i) 	by any person as a nominee for that other body corporate (except where that other body corporate is concerned only in a fiduciary capacity); or

(ii)	by, or by a nominee for, a subsidiary of that other body corporate, not being a subsidiary that is concerned only in a fiduciary capacity; shall be treated as held or exercisable by that other body corporate;

(c)	any shares held or power exercisable by any person by virtue of the provisions of any debentures of the first mentioned body corporate, or of a trust deed for securing any allotment of such debentures, shall be disregarded; and

(d)	any shares held or power exercisable by, or by a nominee for, that other body corporate or its subsidiary (not being held or exercisable as mentioned in paragraph (c)) shall be treated as not held or exercisable by that other body corporate if the ordinary business of that other body corporate or its subsidiary, as the case may be, includes the lending of money and the shares are held or the power is exercisable by way of security only for the purposes of a transaction entered into in the ordinary course of that business.

(4)	A reference in this Act to the holding company of a body corporate shall be read as a reference to a body corporate of which that other body corporate is a subsidiary.

(5)	Where a body corporate:

(a) 	is the holding company of another body corporate;

(b)	is a subsidiary of another body corporate; or

(c)	is a subsidiary of the holding company of another body corporate; that first mentioned body corporate and that other body corporate shall, for the purposes of this Act, be deemed to be related to each other.

(5A)	For the purposes of Parts IV, VI and VII:

(a)	a body corporate that is a party to a dual listed company arrangement is taken to be related to the other body corporate that is a party to the arrangement; and

(b)	a body corporate that is related to one of the parties to the arrangement is taken to be related to the other party to the arrangement; and

(c)	a body corporate that is related to one of the parties to the arrangement is taken to be related to each body corporate that is related to the other party to the arrangement.

(6)	In proceedings under this Act, whether in the Court or before the Tribunal or the Commission, it shall be presumed, unless the contrary is established, that bodies corporate are not, or were not at a particular time, related to each other.

4B Consumers
(1)	For the purposes of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears:

(a)	a person shall be taken to have acquired particular goods as a consumer if, and only if:

(i)	the price of the goods did not exceed the prescribed amount; or

(ii)	where that price exceeded the prescribed amount—the goods were of a kind ordinarily acquired for personal, domestic or household use or consumption or the goods consisted of a commercial road vehicle;

and the person did not acquire the goods, or hold himself or herself out as acquiring the goods, for the purpose of re supply or for the purpose of using them up or transforming them, in trade or commerce, in the course of a process of production or manufacture or of repairing or treating other goods or fixtures on land; and

(b)	a person shall be taken to have acquired particular services as a consumer if, and only if:

(i)	the price of the services did not exceed the prescribed amount; or

(ii)	where that price exceeded the prescribed amount—the services were of a kind ordinarily acquired for personal, domestic or household use or consumption.

(2)	For the purposes of subsection (1):

(a)	the prescribed amount is $40,000 or, if a greater amount is prescribed for the purposes of this paragraph, that greater amount;

(b)	subject to paragraph (c), the price of goods or services purchased by a person shall be taken to have been the amount paid or payable by the person for the goods or services;

(c)	where a person purchased goods or services together with other property or services, or with both other property and services, and a specified price was not allocated to the goods or services in the contract under which they were purchased, the price of the goods or services shall be taken to have been:

(i)	the price at which, at the time of the acquisition, the person could have purchased from the supplier the goods or services without the other property or services;

(ii)	if, at the time of the acquisition, the goods or services were not available for purchase from the supplier except together with the other property or services but, at that time, goods or services of the kind acquired were available for purchase from another supplier without other property or services—the lowest price at which the person could, at that time, reasonably have purchased goods or services of that kind from another supplier; or

(iii)	if, at the time of the acquisition, goods or services of the kind acquired were not available for purchase from any supplier except together with other property or services—the value of the goods or services at that time;

(d)	where a person acquired goods or services otherwise than by way of purchase, the price of the goods or services shall be taken to have been:

(i)	the price at which, at the time of the acquisition, the person could have purchased the goods or services from the supplier;

(ii)	if, at the time of the acquisition, the goods or services were not available for purchase from the supplier or were so available only together with other property or services but, at that time, goods or services of the kind acquired were available for purchase from another supplier—the lowest price at which the person could, at that time, reasonably have purchased goods or services of that kind from another supplier; or

(iii)	if goods or services of the kind acquired were not available, at the time of the acquisition, for purchase from any supplier or were not so available except together with other property or services—the value of the goods or services at that time; and

(e)	without limiting by implication the meaning of the expression services in subsection 4(1), the obtaining of credit by a person in connection with the acquisition of goods or services by him or her shall be deemed to be the acquisition by him or her of a service and any amount by which the amount paid or payable by him or her for the goods or services is increased by reason of his or her so obtaining credit shall be deemed to be paid or payable by him or her for that service.

(3)	Where it is alleged in any proceeding under this Act or in any other proceeding in respect of a matter arising under this Act that a person was a consumer in relation to particular goods or services, it shall be presumed, unless the contrary is established, that the person was a consumer in relation to those goods or services.

(4)	In this section, commercial road vehicle means a vehicle or trailer acquired for use principally in the transport of goods on public roads.

4C Acquisition, supply and re supply
In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears:

(a)	a reference to the acquisition of goods includes a reference to the acquisition of property in, or rights in relation to, goods in pursuance of a supply of the goods;

(b)	a reference to the supply or acquisition of goods or services includes a reference to agreeing to supply or acquire goods or services;

(c)	a reference to the supply or acquisition of goods includes a reference to the supply or acquisition of goods together with other property or services, or both;

(d)	a reference to the supply or acquisition of services includes a reference to the supply or acquisition of services together with property or other services, or both;

(e)	a reference to the re supply of goods acquired from a person includes a reference to:

(i)	a supply of the goods to another person in an altered form or condition; and

(ii)	a supply to another person of goods in which the first mentioned goods have been incorporated;

(f)	a reference to the re supply of services (the original services) acquired from a person (the original supplier) includes a reference to:

(i)	a supply of the original services to another person in an altered form or condition; and

(ii)	a supply to another person of other services that are substantially similar to the original services, and could not have been supplied if the original services had not been acquired by the person who acquired them from the original supplier.

4D Exclusionary provisions
(1)	A provision of a contract, arrangement or understanding, or of a proposed contract, arrangement or understanding, shall be taken to be an exclusionary provision for the purposes of this Act if:

(a)	the contract or arrangement was made, or the understanding was arrived at, or the proposed contract or arrangement is to be made, or the proposed understanding is to be arrived at, between persons any 2 or more of whom are competitive with each other; and

(b)	the provision has the purpose of preventing, restricting or limiting:

(i)	the supply of goods or services to, or the acquisition of goods or services from, particular persons or classes of persons; or

(ii)	the supply of goods or services to, or the acquisition of goods or services from, particular persons or classes of persons in particular circumstances or on particular conditions;

by all or any of the parties to the contract, arrangement or understanding or of the proposed parties to the proposed contract, arrangement or understanding or, if a party or proposed party is a body corporate, by a body corporate that is related to the body corporate.

(2)	A person shall be deemed to be competitive with another person for the purposes of subsection (1) if, and only if, the first mentioned person or a body corporate that is related to that person is, or is likely to be, or, but for the provision of any contract, arrangement or understanding or of any proposed contract, arrangement or understanding, would be, or would be likely to be, in competition with the other person, or with a body corporate that is related to the other person, in relation to the supply or acquisition of all or any of the goods or services to which the relevant provision of the contract, arrangement or understanding or of the proposed contract, arrangement or understanding relates.

4E Market
For the purposes of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears, market means a market in Australia and, when used in relation to any goods or services, includes a market for those goods or services and other goods or services that are substitutable for, or otherwise competitive with, the first mentioned goods or services.

4F References to purpose or reason
(1)	For the purposes of this Act:

(a)	a provision of a contract, arrangement or understanding or of a proposed contract, arrangement or understanding, or a covenant or a proposed covenant, shall be deemed to have had, or to have, a particular purpose if:

(i)	the provision was included in the contract, arrangement or understanding or is to be included in the proposed contract, arrangement or understanding, or the covenant was required to be given or the proposed covenant is to be required to be given, as the case may be, for that purpose or for purposes that included or include that purpose; and

(ii)	that purpose was or is a substantial purpose; and

(b)	a person shall be deemed to have engaged or to engage in conduct for a particular purpose or a particular reason if:

(i)	the person engaged or engages in the conduct for purposes that included or include that purpose or for reasons that included or include that reason, as the case may be; and

(ii)	that purpose or reason was or is a substantial purpose or reason.

(2)	This section does not apply for the purposes of subsections 45D(1), 45DA(1), 45DB(1), 45E(2) and 45E(3).

4G Lessening of competition to include preventing or hindering competition
For the purposes of this Act, references to the lessening of competition shall be read as including references to preventing or hindering competition.

4H Application of Act in relation to leases and licences of land and buildings
In this Act:

(a)	a reference to a contract shall be construed as including a reference to a lease of, or a licence in respect of, land or a building or part of a building and shall be so construed notwithstanding the express references in this Act to such leases or licences;

(b)	a reference to making or entering into a contract, in relation to such a lease or licence, shall be read as a reference to granting or taking the lease or licence; and

(c)	a reference to a party to a contract, in relation to such a lease or licence, shall be read as including a reference to any person bound by, or entitled to the benefit of, any provision contained in the lease or licence.

4J Joint ventures
In this Act:

(a)	a reference to a joint venture is a reference to an activity in trade or commerce:

(i)	carried on jointly by two or more persons, whether or not in partnership; or

(ii)	carried on by a body corporate formed by two or more persons for the purpose of enabling those persons to carry on that activity jointly by means of their joint control, or by means of their ownership of shares in the capital, of that body corporate; and

(b)	a reference to a contract or arrangement made or understanding arrived at, or to a proposed contract or arrangement to be made or proposed understanding to be arrived at, for the purposes of a joint venture shall, in relation to a joint venture by way of an activity carried on by a body corporate as mentioned in subparagraph (a)(ii), be read as including a reference to the memorandum and articles of association, rules or other document that constitute or constitutes, or are or is to constitute, that body corporate.

4K Loss or damage to include injury
In this Act:

(a)	a reference to loss or damage, other than a reference to the amount of any loss or damage, includes a reference to injury; and

(b)	a reference to the amount of any loss or damage includes a reference to damages in respect of an injury.

4KA Personal injury
In this Act (except in section 68B):

personal injury includes:

(a)	pre natal injury; or

(b)	impairment of a person’s physical or mental condition; or

(c)	disease;

but does not include an impairment of a person’s mental condition unless the impairment consists of a recognised psychiatric illness.

4L Severability
If the making of a contract after the commencement of this section contravenes this Act by reason of the inclusion of a particular provision in the contract, then, subject to any order made under section 87 or 87A, nothing in this Act affects the validity or enforceability of the contract otherwise than in relation to that provision in so far as that provision is severable.

4M Saving of law relating to restraint of trade and breaches of confidence
This Act does not affect the operation of:

(a)	the law relating to restraint of trade in so far as that law is capable of operating concurrently with this Act; or

(b)	the law relating to breaches of confidence; but nothing in the law referred to in paragraph (a) or (b) affects the interpretation of this Act.

4N Extended application of Part IIIA
(1)	Part IIIA, and the other provisions of this Act so far as they relate to Part IIIA, extend to services provided by means of facilities that are, or will be, wholly or partly within:

(a)	an external Territory; or

(b)	the adjacent area in respect of a State, of the Northern Territory, or of an external Territory, as specified in section 5A of the Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967.

(2)	For the purposes of subsection (1), the adjacent area in respect of Queensland is to be taken, in accordance with subsection 5A(8) of the Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967, to include the Coral Sea area as defined in subsection 5A(7) of that Act.

(3)	Nothing in subsection (1) affects the operation of section 15B of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 in respect of the application of Part IIIA, and of the other provisions of this Act so far as they relate to Part IIIA, in any part of:

(a)	the coastal sea of Australia; or

(b)	the coastal sea of an external Territory; that is on the landward side of each of the adjacent areas referred to in that subsection.

(4)	For the purposes of this section: service includes proposed service covered by Division 2A of Part IIIA.

5 Extended application of Parts IV, IVA, V, VB and VC
(1)	Part IV, Part IVA, Part V (other than Division 1AA), Part VB and Part VC extend to the engaging in conduct outside Australia by bodies corporate incorporated or carrying on business within Australia or by Australian citizens or persons ordinarily resident within Australia.

(1A)	In addition to the extended operation that section 46A has by virtue of subsection (1), that section extends to the engaging in conduct outside Australia by:

(a)	New Zealand and New Zealand Crown corporations; or

(b)	bodies corporate carrying on business within New Zealand; or

(c)	persons ordinarily resident within New Zealand.

(2)	In addition to the extended operation that sections 47 and 48 have by virtue of subsection (1), those sections extend to the engaging in conduct outside Australia by any persons in relation to the supply by those persons of goods or services to persons within Australia.

(3)	Where a claim under section 82 is made in a proceeding, a person is not entitled to rely at a hearing in respect of that proceeding on conduct to which a provision of this Act extends by virtue of subsection (1) or (2) of this section except with the consent in writing of the Minister.

(4)	A person other than the Minister or the Commission is not entitled to make an application to the Court for an order under subsection 87(1) or (1A) in a proceeding in respect of conduct to which a provision of this Act extends by virtue of subsection (1) or (2) of this section except with the consent in writing of the Minister.

(5)	The Minister shall give a consent under subsection (3) or (4) in respect of a proceeding unless, in the opinion of the Minister:

(a)	the law of the country in which the conduct concerned was engaged in required or specifically authorised the engaging in of the conduct; and

(b)	it is not in the national interest that the consent be given.

6 Extended application of Parts IV, IVA, IVB, V, VA, VB and VC
(1)	Without prejudice to its effect apart from this section, this Act also has effect as provided by this section.

(2)	This Act, other than Parts IIIA, VIIA and X, has, by force of this subsection, the effect it would have if:

(a) 	any references in this Act other than in section 45DB, 55 or 75AZH to trade or commerce were, by express provision, confined to trade or commerce:

(i)	between Australia and places outside Australia;

(ii)	among the States;

(iii)	within a Territory, between a State and a Territory or between two Territories; or

(iv)	by way of the supply of goods or services to the Commonwealth or an authority or instrumentality of the Commonwealth;

(b)	sections 45, 45B, 45D to 45EB (other than section 45DB), 46, 46A, 53B, 60 and 61, subsections 64(3) and (4), sections 75A, 75AU, 75AV, 75AW, 75AX, 75AY, 75AZE, 75AZN, 75AZO, subsections 75AZQ(4) to (7) (inclusive) and 75AYA and Part VIII were, by express provision, confined in their operation to engaging in conduct to the extent to which the conduct takes place in the course of or in relation to:

(i)	trade or commerce between Australia and places outside Australia;

(ii)	trade or commerce among the States;

(iii)	trade or commerce within a Territory, between a State and a Territory or between two Territories; or

(iv)	the supply of goods or services to the Commonwealth or an authority or instrumentality of the Commonwealth;

(c)	any reference in Division 2 of Part V to a contract for the supply of goods or services and any reference in Division 2A of that Part or in Part VA to the supply of goods, were, by express provision, confined to a contract made, or the supply of goods, as the case may be:

(i)	in the course of, or in relation to, trade or commerce between Australia and places outside Australia;

(ii)	in the course of, or in relation to, trade or commerce among the States; or

(iii)	in the course of, or in relation to, trade or commerce within a Territory, between a State and a Territory or between two Territories;

(d)	in subsection 45(1) and subparagraph 87(3)(a)(i) the words “in so far as it confers rights or benefits or imposes duties or obligations on a corporation” were omitted;

(e)	 in subsection 45B(1) and subparagraph 87(3)(a)(ii) the words “in so far as it confers rights or benefits or imposes duties or obligations on a corporation or on a person associated with a corporation” were omitted;

(ea)	subsections 45D(3), 45D(4) and 45DA(3) were repealed, the words “In the circumstances specified in subsections (3) and (4)” were omitted from subsection 45D(1) and the words “In the circumstances specified in subsection (3)” were omitted from subsection 45DA(1);

(eb)	the second sentence in subsection 45E(1) were omitted;

(g)	subsection 96(2) were omitted; and

(h)	subject to paragraphs (d), (e), (ea), (eb) and (g), a reference in this Act to a corporation, except a reference in section 4, 48, 49, 50, 50A, 77A, 81, 151AE or 151AJ, included a reference to a person not being a corporation.

(2A)	So far as subsection (2) relates to Part IV, that subsection has effect in relation to a participating Territory as if the words “within a Territory,” were omitted from subparagraphs (2)(a)(iii) and (2)(b)(iii). For this purpose, participating Territory means a Territory that is a participating Territory within the meaning of Part XIA but is not named in a notice in operation under section 150K.

(2B)	So far as subsection (2) relates to Part VB, that subsection has effect in relation to a Part XIAA scheme Territory as if the words “within a Territory,” were omitted from subparagraph (2)(b)(iii). For this purpose, a Part XIAA scheme Territory is a Territory that has a law applying the New Tax System Price Exploitation Code (see Part XIAA), either with or without modifications, as a law of the Territory.

(3)	In addition to the effect that this Act, other than Parts IIIA, VIIA and X, has as provided by subsection (2), the provisions of Part IVA, of Divisions 1, 1A and 1AA of Part V and of Divisions 2 and 3 of Part VC have, by force of this subsection, the effect they would have if:

(a)	those provisions (other than sections 55 and 75AZH) were, by express provision, confined in their operation to engaging in conduct to the extent to which the conduct involves the use of postal, telegraphic or telephonic services or takes place in a radio or television broadcast; and

(b)	a reference in those provisions to a corporation included a reference to a person not being a corporation.

(4)	In addition to the effect that this Act, other than Parts IIIA, VIIA and X, has as provided by subsections (2) and (3), the provisions of Part IVA and of Division 1 (other than sections 53A, 55 and 61) and Division 1AA of Part V and of Division 2 of Part VC (other than sections 75AZD, 75AZH and 75AZO) also have, by force of this subsection, the effect they would have if:

(a)	those provisions were, by express provision, confined in their operation to engaging in conduct in a Territory; and

(b)	a reference in those provisions to a thing done by a corporation in trade or commerce included a reference to a thing done in the course of the promotional activities of a professional person.

(5)	In the application of section 73 in relation to a supplier who is a natural person, that section has effect as if there were substituted for paragraph 73(6)(a) the following paragraph:

“(a)	the supplier had died or is an undischarged bankrupt or a person whose affairs are being dealt with under Part X of the Bankruptcy Act 1966; or”.

(6)	Despite anything in Part VC, if a person other than a corporation is convicted of an offence against a provision of that Part, being a provision that applies in relation to the person as provided by this section, the offence is taken to be punishable on conviction by a fine not exceeding 2,000 penalty units.

6AA Application of the Criminal Code
(1)	Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code applies to all offences against this Act.

Note:	Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of criminal responsibility.

(2)	Despite subsection (1), Part 2.5 of the Criminal Code does not apply to an offence against Part IIIA, VC or XIC or Division 7 of Part XIB.