Trade Act of 1974/Title I/Chapter 2

{{SECTION|SEC. 121.|SEC. 121}}. STEPS TO BE TAKEN TOWARD GATT REVISION; AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR GATT.

 * (a) The President shall, as soon as practicable, take such action as may be necessary to bring trade agreements heretofore entered into, and the application thereof, into conformity with principles promoting the development of an open, nondiscriminatory, and fair world economic system. The actions and principles referred to in the preceding sentence include, but are not limited to, the following—
 * (1) the revision of decisionmaking procedures in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as "GATT") to more nearly reflect the balance of economic interests,
 * (2) the revision of article XIX of the GATT into a truly international safeguard procedure which takes into account all forms of import restraints countries use in response to injurious competition or threat of such competition,
 * (3) the extension of GATT articles to conditions of trade not presently covered in order to move toward more fair trade practices,
 * (4) the adoption of international fair labor standards and of public petition and confrontation procedures in the GATT,
 * (5) the revision of GATT articles with respect to the treatment of border adjustments for internal taxes to redress the disadvantage to countries relying primarily on direct rather than indirect taxes for revenue needs,
 * (6) the revision of the balance-of-payments provision in the GATT articles so as to recognize import surcharges as the preferred means by which industrial countries may handle balance-of-payments deficits insofar as import restraint measures are required,
 * (7) the improvement and strengthening of the provisions of GATT and other international agreements governing access to supplies of good, raw materials, and manufactured or semi-manufactured products, including rules and procedures governing the imposition of export controls, the denial of fair and equitable access to such supplies, and effective consultative procedures on problems of supply shortages,
 * (8) the extension of the provisions of GATT or other international agreements to authorize multilateral procedures by contracting parties with respect to member or nonmember countries which deny fair and equitable access to supplies of food, raw materials, and manufactured or semi-manufactured products, and thereby substantially injure the international community,
 * (9) any revisions necessary to establish procedures for regular consultation among countries and instrumentalities with respect to international trade and procedures to adjudicate commercial disputes among such countries or instrumentalities,
 * (10) any revisions necessary to apply the principles of reciprocity and nondiscrimination, including the elimination of special preferences and reverse preferences, to all aspects of international trade,
 * (11) any revisions necessary to define the forms of subsidy to industries producing products for export and the forms of subsidy to attract foreign investment which are consistent with an open, nondiscriminatory, and fair system of international trade, and
 * (12) consistent with the provisions of section 107, any revisions necessary to establish within the GATT an international agreements on articles (including footwear), including the creation of regular and institutionalized mechanisms for the settlement of disputes, and of a surveillance body to monitor all international shipments in such articles.


 * (b) The President shall, to the extent feasible, enter into agreements with foreign countries or instrumentalities to establish the principles described in subsection (a) with respect to international trade between the United States and such countries or instrumentalities.


 * (c) If the President enters into a trade agreement which establishes rules or procedures, including those set forth in subsection (a), promoting the development of an open, nondiscriminatory, and fair world economic system and if the implementation of such agreement will change any provision of Federal law (including a material change in an administrative rule), such agreement shall take effect with respect to the United States only if the appropriate implementing legislation is enacted by the Congress unless implementation of such agreement is effected pursuant to authority delegated by Congress. Such trade agreement may be submitted to the Congress for approval in accordance with the procedures of section 151. Nothing in this section shall be construed as prior approval of any legislation necessary to implement a trade agreement entered into under this section.


 * (d) There are authorized to be appropriated annually such sums as may be necessary for the payment by the United States of its share of the expenses of the Contracting Parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. This authorization does not imply approval or disapproval by the Congress of all articles of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

{{SECTION|SEC. 122.|SEC. 122}}. BALANCE-OF-PAYMENTS AUTHORITY.

 * (a) Whenever fundamental international payments problems require special import measures to restrict imports—
 * (1) to deal with large and serious United States balance-of-payments deficits,
 * (2) to prevent an imminent and significant depreciation of the dollar in foreign exchange markets, or
 * (3) to cooperate with other countries in correcting an international balance-of-payments disequilibrium,
 * the President shall proclaim, for a period not exceeding 150 days (unless such period is extended by Act of Congress)—
 * (A) a temporary import surcharge, not to exceed 15 percent ad valorem, in the form of duties (in addition to those already imposed, if any) on articles imported into the United States;
 * (B) temporary limitations through the use of quotas on the importation of articles into the United States; or
 * (C) both a temporary import surface described in subparagraph (A) and temporary limitations described in subparagraph (B).
 * The authority delegated under subparagraph (B) (and so much of subparagraph (C) as related to subparagraph (B)) may be exercised (i) only if international trade or monetary agreements to which the United States is a party permit the imposition of quotas as a balance-of-payments measure, and (ii) only to the extent that the fundamental imbalance cannot be dealt with effectively by a surcharge proclaimed pursuant to subparagraph (A) or (C). Any temporary import surcharge proclaimed pursuant to subparagraph (A) or (C) shall be treated as a regular customs duty.


 * (b) If the President determines that the imposition of import restrictions under subsection (a) will be contrary to the national interest of the United States, then he may refrain from proclaiming such restrictions and he shall—
 * (1) immediately inform Congress of his determination, and
 * (2) immediately convene the group of congressional official advisers designated under section 161(a) and consult with them as to the reasons for such determination.


 * (c) Whenever the President determines that fundamental international payments problems require special import measures to increase imports—
 * (1) to deal with large and persistent United States balance-of-trade surpluses, as determined on the basis of the cost-insurance-freight value of imports, as reported by the Bureau of the Census, or
 * (2) to prevent significant appreciation of the dollar in foreign exchange markets,
 * the President is authorized to proclaim, for a period of 150 days (unless such period is extended by Act of Congress)—
 * (A) a temporary reduction (of nor more than 5 percent ad valorem) in the rate of duty on any article; and
 * (B) a temporary increase in the value or quantity of articles which may be imported under any import restriction, or a temporary suspension of any import restriction.
 * Import liberalizing actions proclaimed pursuant to this subsection shall be of broad and uniform application with respect to product coverage except that the President shall not proclaim measures under this subsection with respect to those articles where in his judgment such action will cause of contribute to material injury to firms or workers in any domestic industry, including agriculture, mining, fishing, or commerce, or to impairment of the national security, or will otherwise be contrary to the national interest.


 * (d) (1) Import restricting actions proclaimed pursuant to subsection (a) shall be applied consistently with the principle of nondiscriminatory treatment. In addition, any quota proclaimed pursuant to subparagraph (B) of subsection (a) shall be applied on a basis which aims at a distribution of trade with the United States approaching as closely as possible that which various foreign countries might have expected to obtain in the absence of such restrictions.
 * (2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), if the President determines that the purposes of this section will best be served by action against one or more countries laving large or persistent balance-of-payments surpluses, he may exempt all other countries from such action.
 * (3) After such time when there enters into force for the United States new rules regarding the application of surcharges as part of a reform of internationally agreed balance-of-payments adjustment procedures, the exemption authority contained in paragraph (2) shall be applied consistently with such new international rules.
 * (4) It is the sense of Congress that the President seek modification in international agreements aimed at allowing the use of surcharges in place of quantitative restrictions (and providing rules to govern the use of such surcharges) as a balance-of-payments adjustment measure within the context of arrangements for an equitable sharing of balance-of-payments adjustment responsibility among deficit and surplus countries.


 * (e) Import restricting actions proclaimed pursuant to subsection (a) shall be of broad and uniform application with respect to product coverage except where the President determines, consistently with the purposes of this section, that certain articles should not be subject to import restricting actions because of the needs of the United States economy. Such exceptions shall be limited to the unavailability of domestic supply at reasonable prices, the necessary importation of raw materials, avoiding serious dislocations in the supply of imported goods, and other similar factors. In addition, uniform exceptions may be made where import restricting actions will be unnecessary or ineffective in carrying out the purposes of this section, such as with respect to articles already subject to import restrictions, goods in transit, or goods under binding contract. Neither the authorization of import restricting actions nor the determination of exceptions with respect to product coverage shall be made for the purpose of protecting individual domestic industries from import competition.


 * (f) Any quantitative limitation proclaimed pursuant to subparagraph (B) or (C) of subsection (a) on the quantity of value, or both, of an article—
 * (1) shall permit the importation of a quantity or value which is not less than the quantity or value of such article imported into the United States from the foreign countries to which such limitation applies during the most recent period which the President determines is representative of imports of such article, and
 * (2) shall take into account any increase since the end of such representative period in domestic consumption of such article and like or similar articles of domestic manufacture or production.


 * (g) The President may, at any time, consistent with the provisions of this section, suspend, modify, or terminate, in whole or in part, any proclamation under this section either during the initial 150-day period of effectiveness or as extended by subsequent Act of Congress.


 * (h) No provision of law authorizing the termination of tariff concessions shall be used to impose a surcharge on imports into the United States.

{{SECTION|SEC. 123.|SEC. 123}}. COMPENSATION AUTHORITY.

 * (a) Whenever any action has been taken under section 203 to increase or impose any duty or other import restriction, the President—
 * (1) may enter into trade agreements with foreign countries or instrumentalities for the purpose of granting new concessions as compensation in order to maintain the general level of reciprocal and mutually advantageous concessions; and
 * (2) may proclaim such modification or continuance of any existing duty, or such continuance of existing duty-free or excise treatment, as he determines to be required or appropriate to carry out any such agreement.


 * (b) (1) No proclamation shall be made pursuant to subsection (a) decreasing any rate of duty to a rate which is less than 70 percent of the existing rate of duty.
 * (2) Where the rate of duty in effect at any time is an intermediate stage under section 109, the proclamation made pursuant to subsection (a) may provide for the reduction of each rate of duty at each such stage proclaimed under section 101 by not more than 30 percent of such rate of duty, and may provide for a final rate of duty which is not less than 70 percent of the rate of duty proclaimed as the final stage under section 101.
 * (3) If the President determines that such action will simplify the computation of the amount of duty imposed with respect to an article, he may exceed the limitations provided by paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection by not more than the lesser of—
 * (A) the difference between such limitation and the next lower whole number, or
 * (B) one half of 1 percent ad valorem.
 * (4) Any concessions granted under subsection (a)(1) shall be reduced and terminated according to substantially the same time schedule for reduction applicable to the relevant import relief under section 203(h).


 * (c) Before entering into any trade agreement under this section with any foreign country or instrumentality, the President shall consider whether such country or instrumentality has violated trade concessions of benefit to the United States and such violation has not been adequately offset by the United States or by such country or instrumentality.


 * (d) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a), the authority delegated under section 101 shall be used for the purpose of granting new concessions as compensation within the meaning of this section until such authority terminates.

{{SECTION|SEC. 124.|SEC. 124}}. TWO-YEAR RESIDUAL AUTHORITY TO NEGOTIATE DUTIES.

 * (a) Whenever the President determines that any existing duties or other import restrictions of any foreign country or the United States are unduly burdening and restricting the foreign trade of the United States and that the purposes of this Act will be promoted thereby, the President—
 * (1) may enter into trade agreements with foreign countries or instrumentalities thereof, and
 * (2) may proclaim such modification or continuance of any existing duty, such continuance of existing duty-free or excise treatment, or such additional duties, as he determines to be required or appropriate to carry out any such trade agreement.


 * (b) Agreements entered into under this section in any 1-year period shall not provide for the reduction of duties, or the continuance of duty-free or excise treatment, for articles which account for more than 2 percent of the value of United States imports for the most recent 12-month period for which import statistics are available.


 * (c) (1) No proclamation shall be made pursuant to subsection (a) decreasing any rate of duty to a rate which is less than 80 percent of the existing rate of duty.
 * (2) No proclamation shall be made pursuant to subsection (a) decreasing or increasing any rate of duty to a rate which is lower or higher than the corresponding rate which would have resulted if the maximum authority granted by section 101 with respect to such article had been exercised.
 * (3) Where the rate of duty in effect at any time is an intermediate stage under section 109, the proclamation made pursuant to subsection (a) may provide for the reduction of each rate of duty at each such stage proclaimed under section 101 by not more than 20 percent of such rate of duty, and, subject to the limitation in paragraph (2), may provide for a final rate of duty which is not less than 80 percent of the rate of duty proclaimed as the final stage under section 101.
 * (4) If the President determines that such action will simplify the computation of the amount of duty imposed with respect to an article, he may exceed the limitations provided by paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection by not more than the lesser of—
 * (A) the difference between such limitation and the next lower whole number, or
 * (B) one-half of 1 percent ad valorem.


 * (d) Agreements may be entered into under this section only during the 2-year period which immediately follows the close of the period during which agreements may be entered into under section 101.

{{SECTION|SEC. 125.|SEC. 125}}. TERMINATION AND WITHDRAWAL AUTHORITY.

 * (a) Every trade agreement entered into under this Act shall be subject to termination, in whole or in part, or withdrawal, upon due notice, at the end of a period specified in the agreement. Such period shall be not more than 3 years from the date on which the agreement becomes effective. If the agreement is not terminated or withdrawn from at the end of the period so specified, it shall be subject to termination or withdrawal thereafter upon not more than 6 months' notice.


 * (b) The President may at any time terminate, in whole or in part, any proclamation made under this Act.


 * (c) Whenever the United States, acting in pursuance of any of its rights or obligations under any trade agreement entered into pursuant to this Act, section 201 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, or section 350 of the Tariff Act of 1930, withdraws, suspends, or modifies any obligation with respect to the trade of any foreign country or instrumentality thereof, the President is authorized to proclaim increased duties or other import restrictions, to the extent, at such times, and for such periods as he deems necessary or appropriate, in order to exercise the rights or fulfill the obligations of the United States. No proclamation shall be made under this subsection increasing any existing duty to a rate more than 50 percent above the rate set forth in rate column numbered 2 of the Tariff Schedules of the United States, as in effect on January 1, 1975, or 20 percent ad valorem above the rate existing on January 1, 1975, whichever is higher.


 * (d) Whenever any foreign country or instrumentality withdraws, suspends, or modifies the application of trade agreement obligations of benefit to the United States without granting adequate compensation therefor, the President, in pursuance of rights granted to the United States under any trade agreement and to the extent necessary to protect United States economic interests (including United States balance of payments), may—
 * (1) withdraw, suspend, or modify the application of substantially equivalent trade agreement obligations of benefit to such foreign country or instrumentality, and
 * (2) proclaim under subsection (c) such increased duties or other import restrictions are appropriate to effect adequate compensation from such foreign country or instrumentality.


 * (e) Duties or other import restrictions required or appropriate to carry out any trade agreement entered into pursuant to this Act, section 201 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, or section 350 of the Tariff Act of 1930 shall not be affected by any termination, in whole or in part, of such agreement or by the withdrawal of the United States from such agreement and shall remain in effect after the date of such termination or withdrawal for 1 year, unless the President by proclamation provides that such rates shall be restored to the level at which they would be but for the agreement. Within 60 days after the date of any such termination or withdrawal, the President shall transmit to the Congress his recommendations as to the appropriate rates of duty for all articles which were affected by the termination or withdrawal or would have been so affected but for the preceding sentence.


 * (f) Before taking any action pursuant to subsection (b), (c), or (d), the President shall provide for a public hearing during the course of which interested persons shall be given a reasonable opportunity to be present, to produce evidence, and to be heard, unless he determines that such prior hearings will be contrary to the national interest because of the need for expeditious action, in which case he shall provide for a public hearing promptly after such action.

{{SECTION|SEC. 126.|SEC. 126}}. RECIPROCAL NONDISCRIMINATING TREATMENT.

 * (a) Except as otherwise provided in this Act or in any other provision of law, any duty or other import restriction or duty-free treatment proclaimed in carrying out any trade agreement under this title shall apply to products of all foreign countries, whether imported directly or indirectly.


 * (b) The President shall determine, after the conclusion of all negotiations entered into under this Act at the end of the 5-year period beginning on the date of enactment of this Act, whichever is earlier, whether any major industrial country has failed to make concessions under trade agreements entered into under this Act which provide competitive opportunities for the commerce of the United States in such country substantially equivalent to the competitive opportunities, provided by concessions made by the United States under trade agreements entered into under this Act, for the commerce of such country in the United States.


 * (c) If the President determines under subsection (b) that a major industrial country has not made concessions under trade agreements entered into under this Act which provide substantially equivalent competitive opportunities for the commerce of the United States, he shall, either generally with respect to such country or by article produced by such country, in order to restore equivalence of competitive opportunities, recommend to the Congress—
 * (1) legislation providing for the termination or denial of the benefits of concessions of trade agreements entered into under this Act made with respect to rates of duty or other import restrictions by the United States; and
 * (2) that any legislation necessary to carry out any trade agreement under section 102 shall not apply to such country.


 * (d) For purposes of this section, "major industrial country" means Canada, the European Economic Community, the individual member countries of such Community, Japan, and any other foreign country designated by the President for purposes of this subsection.

{{SECTION|SEC. 127.|SEC. 127}}. RESERVATION OF ARTICLES FOR NATIONAL SECURITY OR OTHER REASONS.

 * (a) No proclamation shall be made pursuant to the provisions of this Act reducing or eliminating the duty or other import restriction on any article if the President determines that such reduction or elimination would threaten to impair the national security.


 * (b) While there is in effect with respect to any article any action taken under section 203 of this Act, or section 232 or 351 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. 1862 or 1981), the President shall reserve such article from negotiations under this title (and from any action under section 122 (c)) contemplating reduction or elimination of—
 * (A) any duty on such article,
 * (B) any import restriction imposed under such section, or
 * (C) any other import restriction, the removal of which will be likely to undermine the effect of the import restrictions referred to in subparagraph (B).
 * In addition, the President shall also so reserve any other article which he determines to be appropriate, taking into consideration information and advice available pursuant to and with respect to the matters covered by sections 131, 132, and 133, where applicable.


 * (c) The President shall submit to the Congress an annual report on section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962. Within 60 days after he takes any action under such section 232, the President shall report to the Congress the action taken and the reasons therefor.


 * (d) Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 is amended—
 * (1) by striking out "Director of the Office of Emergency Planning (hereinafter in this section referred to as the 'Director')" in the first sentence of subsection (b) and inserting in lieu thereof "Secretary of the Treasury (hereinafter referred to as the 'Secretary')";
 * (2) by striking out "advice from other appropriate departments and agencies" in the first sentence of subsection (b) and inserting in lieu thereof "advice from, and shall consult with, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Commerce, and other appropriate officers of the United States";
 * (3) by striking out the last sentence of subsection (b) and inserting in lieu thereof the following: "The Secretary shall, if it is appropriate and after reasonable notice, hold public hearings or otherwise afford interested parties an opportunity to present information and advice relevant to such investigation. The Secretary shall report the findings of his investigation under this subsection with respect to the effect of the importation of such article in such quantities or under such circumstances upon the national security and, based on such findings, his recommendation for action or inaction under this section to the President within one year after receiving an application from an interested party or otherwise beginning an investigation under this subsection. If the Secretary finds that such article is being imported into the United States in such quantities or under such circumstances as to threaten to impair the national security, he shall so advise the President and the President shall take such action, and for such time, as he deems necessary to adjust the imports of such article and its derivatives so that such imports will not threaten to impair the national security, unless the President determines that the article is not being imported into the United States in such quantities or under such circumstances as to threaten to impair the national security."; and
 * (4) by striking out "Director" each place it appears in subsections (c) and (d) and inserting in lieu thereof "Secretary".