The Parliament of Fowles

Here begynyth the Parlement of Foulys

THE PROEM
The lyf so short, the craft so long to lerne, Thassay so hard, so sharp the conquering, The dredful Ioy, that alwey slit so yerne, Al this mene I by love, that my feling Astonyeth with his wonderful worching So sore y-wis, that whan I on him thinke, Nat wot I wel wher that I wake or winke.

For al be that I knowe nat love in dede, Ne wot how that he quyteth folk hir hyre, Yet happeth me ful ofte in bokes rede Of his miracles, and his cruel yre; Ther rede I wel he wol be lord and syre, I dar not seyn, his strokes been so sore, But God save swich a lord! I can no more.

Of usage, what for luste what for lore, On bokes rede I ofte, as I yow tolde. But wherfor that I speke al this? not yore Agon, hit happed me for to beholde Upon a boke, was write with lettres olde; And ther-upon, a certeyn thing to lerne, The longe day ful faste I radde and yerne.

For out of olde feldes, as men seith, Cometh al this newe corn fro yeer to yere; And out of olde bokes, in good feith, Cometh al this newe science that men lere. But now to purpos as of this matere– To rede forth hit gan me so delyte, That al the day me thoughte but a lyte.

This book of which I make of mencioun, Entitled was al thus, as I shal telle, 'Tullius of the dreme of Scipioun.'; Chapitres seven hit hadde, of hevene and helle, And erthe, and soules that therinnr dwelle, Of whiche, as shortly as I can hit trete, Of his sentence I wol you seyn the grete.

First telleth hit, whan Scipion was come In Afrik, how he mette Massinisse, That him for Ioye in armes hath y nome. Than telleth hit hir speche and al the blisse That was betwix hem, til the day gan misse; And how his auncestre, African so dere, Gan in his slepe that night to him appere.

Than telleth hit that, fro a sterry place, How African hath him Cartage shewed, And warned him before of al his grace, And seyde him, what man, lered other lewed, That loveth comun profit, wel y-thewed, He shal unto a blisful place wende, Ther as Ioye is that last withouten ende.

Than asked he, if folk that heer be dede Have lyf and dwelling in another place; And African seyde, 'ye, withoute drede,' And that our present worldes lyves space Nis but a maner deth, what wey we trace, And rightful folk shal go, after they dye, To heven; and shewed him the galaxye.

Than shewed he him the litel erthe, that heer is, At regard of the hevenes quantite; And after shewed he him the nyne speres, And after that the melodye herde he That cometh of thilke speres thryes three, That welle is of musyk and melodye In this world heer, and cause of armonye.

Than bad he him, sin erthe was so lyte, And ful of torment and of harde grace, That he ne shulde him in the world delyte. Than tolde he him, in certeyn yeres space, That every sterre shulde come into his place Ther hit was first; and al shulde out of minde That in this worlde is don of al mankinde.

Than prayde him Scipioun to telle him al The wey to come un-to that hevene blisse; And he seyde, 'know thy-self first immortal, And loke ay besily thou werke and wisse To comun profit, and thou shalt nat misse To comen swiftly to that place dere, That ful of blisse is and of soules clere.

But brekers of the lawe, soth to seyne, And lecherous folk, after that they be dede, Shul alwey whirle aboute therthe in peyne, Til many a world be passed, out of drede, And than, for-yeven alle hir wikked dede, Than shul they come unto that blisful place, To which to comen god thee sende his grace!'–

The day gan failen, and the derke night, That reveth bestes from her besinesse, Berafte me my book for lakke of light, And to my bedde I gan me for to dresse, Fulfild of thought and besy hevinesse; For bothe I hadde thing which that I nolde, And eek I ne hadde that thing that I wolde.

But fynally my spirit, at the laste, For-wery of my labour al the day, Took rest, that made me to slepe faste, And in my slepe I mette, as I lay, How African, right in the selfe aray That Scipioun him saw before that tyde, Was comen and stood right at my bedes syde.

The wery hunter, slepinge in his bed, To wode ayein his minde goth anoon; The Iuge dremeth how his plees ben sped; The carter dremeth how his cartes goon; The riche, of gold; the knight fight with his foon; The seke met he drinketh of the tonne; The lover met he hath his lady wonne.

Can I nat seyn if that the cause were For I had red of African beforn, That made me to mete that he stood there; But thus seyde he, 'thou hast thee so wel born In loking of myn olde book to-torn, Of which Macrobie roghte nat a lyte, That somdel of thy labour wolde I quyte!'–

Citherea! thou blisful lady swete, That with thy fyr-brand dauntest whom thee lest, And madest me this sweven for to mete, Be thou my help in this, for thou mayst best; As wisly as I saw thee north-north-west, When I began my sweven for to wryte, So yif me might to ryme and endyte!

THE STORY
This forseid African me hente anoon, And forth with him unto a gate broghte Right of a parke, walled of grene stoon; And over the gate, with lettres large y-wroghte, Ther weren vers y-writen, as me thoghte, On eyther halfe, of ful gret difference, Of which I shal yow sey the pleyn sentence.

'Thorgh me men goon in-to that blisful place Of hertes hele and dedly woundes cure; Thorgh me men goon unto the welle of Grace, Ther grene and lusty May shal ever endure; This is the wey to al good aventure; Be glad, thou reder, and thy sorwe of-caste, Al open am I; passe in, and by the faste!'

'Thorgh me men goon,' than spak that other syde, 'Unto the mortal strokes of the spere, Of which Disdayn and Daunger is the gyde, Ther tre shal never fruyt ne leves bere. This streem yow ledeth to the sorwful were, Ther as the fish in prison is al drye; Theschewing is only the remedye.'

Thise vers of gold and blak y-writen were, Of whiche I gan a stounde to beholde, For with that oon encresed ay my fere, And with that other gan myn herte bolde; That oon me hette, that other did me colde, No wit had I, for errour, for to chese To entre or flee, or me to save or lese.

Right as, betwixen adamauntes two Of even might, a pece of iren y-set, That hath no might to meve to ne fro – For what that on may hale, that other let – Ferde I; that niste whether me was bet, To entre or leve, til African my gyde Me hente, and shoof in at the gates wyde,

And seyde, 'hit stondeth writen in thy face, Thyn errour, though thou telle it not to me; But dred the nat to come in-to this place, For this wryting is no-thing ment by thee, Ne by noon, but he Loves servant be; For thou of love hast lost thy tast, I gesse, As seek man hath of swete and bitternesse.

But natheles, al-though that thou be dulle, Yit that thou canst not do, yit mayst thou see; For many a man that may not stonde a pulle, Yit lyketh him at the wrastling for to be, And demeth yit wher he do bet or he; And if thou haddest cunning for tendyte, I shal thee shewen mater of to wryte.'

With that my hond in his he took anoon, Of which I comfort caughte, and went in faste; But, lord! so I was glad and wel begoon! For over-al, wher that I myn eyen caste, Were trees clad with leves that ay shal laste, Eche in his kinde, of colour fresh and grene As emeraude, that Ioye was to sene.

The bilder ook, and eek the hardy asshe; The piler elm, the cofre unto careyne; The boxtree piper; holm to whippes lasshe; The sayling firr; the cipres, deth to pleyne; The sheter ew, the asp for shaftes pleyne; The olyve of pees, and eek the drunken vyne, The victor palm, the laurer to devyne.

A gardyn saw I, ful of blosmy bowes, Upon a river, in a grene mede, Ther as swetnesse evermore y-now is, With floures whyte, blewe, yelowe, and rede; And colde welle-stremes, no-thing dede, That swommen ful of smale fisshes lighte, With finnes rede and scales silver-brighte.

On every bough the briddes herde I singe, With voys of aungel in hir armonye, Som besyed hem hir briddes forth to bringe; The litel conyes to hir pley gunne hye. And further al aboute I gan espye The dredful roo, the buk, the hert and hinde, Squerels, and bestes smale of gentil kinde.

Of instruments of strenges in acord Herde I so pleye a ravisshing swetnesse, That god, that maker is of al and lord, Ne herde never better, as I gesse; Therwith a wind, unnethe hit might be lesse, Made in the leves grene a noise softe Acordaunt to the foules songe on-lofte.

The air of that place so attempre was That never was grevaunce of hoot ne cold; Ther wex eek every holsum spyce and gras, Ne no man may ther wexe seek ne old; Yet was ther Ioye more a thousand fold Then man can telle; ne never wolde it nighte, But ay cleer day to any mannes sighte.

Under a tree, besyde a welle, I say Cupyde our lord his arwes forge and fyle; And at his fete his bowe al redy lay, And wel his doghter tempred al this whyle The hedes in the welle, and with hir wyle She couched hem after as they shulde serve, Some for to slee, and some to wounde and kerve.

Tho was I war of Plesaunce anon-right, And of Aray, and Lust, and Curtesye, And of the Craft that can and hath the might To doon by force a wight to do folye – Disfigurat was she, I nil not lye; And by him-self, under an oke, I gesse, Saw I Delyt, that stood with Gentilnesse.

I saw Beautee, withouten any atyr, And Youthe, ful of game and Iolyte, Fool-hardinesse, Flatery, and Desyr, Messagerye, and Mede, and other three – Hir names shul noght here be told for me – And upon pilers grete of Iasper longe I saw a temple of bras y-founded stronge.

Aboute the temple daunceden alway Wommen y-nowe, of whiche some ther were Faire of hem-self, and somme of hem were gay; In kirtels, al disshevele, wente they there – That was hir office alway, yeer by yere – And on the temple, of doves whyte and faire Saw I sittinge many a hunderede paire.

Before the temple-dore ful soberly Dame Pees sat, with a curteyn in hir hond: And hir besyde, wonder discretly, Dame Pacience sitting ther I fond With face pale, upon an hille of sond; And alder-next, within and eek with-oute, Behest and Art, and of hir folke a route.

Within the temple, of syghes hote as fyr I herde a swogh that gan aboute renne; Which syghes were engendred with desyr, That maden every auter for to brenne Of newe flaume; and wel aspyed I thenne That al the cause of sorwes that they drye Com of the bitter goddesse Ialousye.

The god Priapus saw I, as I wente, Within the temple, in soverayn place stonde, In swich aray as whan the asse him shente With crye by night, and with ceptre in honde; Ful besily men gunne assaye and fonde Upon his hede to sette, of sondry hewe, Garlondes ful of fresshe floures newe.

And in a privee corner, in disporte, Fond I Venus and hir porter Richesse, That was ful noble and hauteyn of hir porte; Derk was that place, but afterward lightnesse I saw a lyte, unnethe hit might be lesse, And on a bed of golde she lay to reste, Til that the hote sonne gan to weste.

Hir gilte heres with a golden threde Y-bounden were, untressed as she lay, And naked fro the breste unto the hede Men might hir see; and, sothly for to say, The remenant wel kevered to my pay Right with a subtil kerchef of Valence, Ther was no thikker cloth of no defence.

The place yaf a thousand savours swote, And Bachus, god of wyn, sat hir besyde, And Ceres next, that doth of hunger bote; And, as I seide, amiddes lay Cipryde, To whom on knees two yonge folkes cryde To ben hir help; but thus I leet hir lye, And ferther in the temple I gan espye

That, in dispyte of Diane the chaste, Ful many a bowe y-broke heng on the wal Of maydens, suche as gunne hir tymes waste In hir servyse; and peynted over al Of many a story, of which I touche shal A fewe, as of Calixte and Athalaunte, And many a mayde, of which the name I wante;

Semyramus, Candace, and Ercules, Biblis, Dido, Thisbe, and Piramus, Tristram, Isoude, Paris, and Achilles, Eleyne, Cleopatre, and Troilus, Silla, and eek the moder of Romulus – Alle these were peynted on that other syde, And al hir love, and in what plyte they dyde.

Whan I was come ayen unto the place That I of spak, that was so swote and grene, Forth welk I tho, my-selven to solace. Tho was I war wher that ther sat a quene That, as of light the somer-sonne shene Passeth the sterre, right so over mesure She fairer was than any creature.

And in a launde, upon an hille of floures, Was set this noble goddesse Nature; Of braunches were hir halles and hir boures, Y-wrought after hir craft and hir mesure; Ne ther nas foul that cometh of engendrure, That they ne were prest in hir presence, To take hir doom and yeve hir audience.

For this was on seynt Valentynes day, Whan every foul cometh ther to chese his make, Of every kinde, that men thenke may; And that so huge a noyse gan they make, That erthe and see, and tree, and every lake So ful was, that unnethe was ther space For me to stonde, so ful was al the place.

And right as Aleyn, in the Pleynt of Kinde, Devyseth Nature of aray and face, In swich aray men mighten hir ther finde. This noble emperesse, ful of grace, Bad every foul to take his owne place, As they were wont alwey fro yeer to yere, Seynt Valentynes day, to stonden there.

That is to sey, the foules of ravyne Were hyest set; and than the foules smale, That eten as hem nature wolde enclyne, As worm or thing of whiche I telle no tale; And water-foul sat loweste in the dale; But foul that liveth by seed sat on the grene, And that so fele, that wonder was to sene.

There mighte men the royal egle finde, That with his sharpe look perceth the sonne; And other egles of a lower kinde, Of which that clerkes wel devysen conne. Ther was the tyraunt with his fethres done And greye, I mene the goshauk, that doth pyne To briddes for his outrageous ravyne.

The gentil faucoun, that with his feet distreyneth The kinges hond; the hardy sperhauk eke, The quayles foo; the merlion that payneth Him-self ful ofte, the larke for to seke; Ther was the douve, with hir eyen meke; The Ialous swan, ayens his deth that singeth; The oule eek, that of dethe the bode bringeth;

The crane the geaunt, with his trompes soune; The theef, the chogh; and eek the Iangling pye; The scorning Iay; the eles foo, heroune; The false lapwing, ful of trecherye; The stare, that the counseyl can bewrye; The tame ruddok; and the coward kyte; The cok, that orloge is of thorpes lyte;

The sparow, Venus sone; the nightingale, That clepeth forth the fresshe leves newe; The swalow, mordrer of the flyes smale That maken hony of floures fresshe of hewe; The wedded turtel, with hir herte trewe; The pecok, with his aungels fethres brighte; The fesaunt, scorner of the cok by nighte;

The waker goos; the cukkow ever unkinde; The popiniay, ful of delicasye; The drake, stroyer of his owne kinde; The stork, the wreker of avouterye; The hote cormeraunt of glotonye; The raven wys, the crow with vois of care; The throstel olde; the frosty feldefare.

What shulde I seyn? of foules every kinde That in this world han fethres and stature, Men mighten in that place assembled finde Before the noble goddesse Nature, And everich of hem did his besy cure Benignely to chese or for to take, By hir acord, his formel or his make.

But to the poynt – Nature held on hir honde A formel egle, of shap the gentileste That ever she among hir werkes fonde, The moste benigne and the goodlieste; In hir was every vertu at his reste, So ferforth, that Nature hir-self had blisse To loke on hir, and ofte hir bek to kisse.

Nature, the vicaire of thalmighty lorde, That hoot, cold, hevy, light, and moist and dreye Hath knit by even noumbre of acorde, In esy vois began to speke and seye, 'Foules, tak hede of my sentence, I preye, And, for your ese, in furthering of your nede, As faste as I may speke, I wol me spede.

Ye knowe wel how, seynt Valentynes day, By my statut and through my governaunce, Ye come for to chese – and flee your way – Your makes, as I prik yow with plesaunce. But natheles, my rightful ordenaunce May I not lete, for al this world to winne, That he that most is worthy shal beginne.

The tercel egle, as that ye knowen wel, The foul royal above yow in degree, The wyse and worthy, secree, trewe as stel, The which I formed have, as ye may see, In every part as hit best lyketh me, Hit nedeth noght his shap yow to devyse, He shal first chese and speken in his gyse.

And after him, by order shul ye chese, After your kinde, everich as yow lyketh, And, as your hap is, shul ye winne or lese; But which of yow that love most entryketh, God sende him hir that sorest for him syketh.' And therwith-al the tercel gan she calle, And seyde, 'my sone, the choys is to thee falle.

But natheles, in this condicioun Mot be the choys of everich that is here, That she agree to his eleccioun, What-so he be that shulde be hir fere; This is our usage alwey, fro yeer to yere; And who so may at this time have his grace, In blisful tyme he com in-to this place.'

With hed enclyned and with ful humble chere This royal tercel spak and taried nought: 'Unto my sovereyn lady, and noght my fere, I chese, and chese with wille and herte and thought, The formel on your hond so wel y-wrought, Whos I am al and ever wol hir serve, Do what hir list, to do me live or sterve.

Beseching hir of mercy and of grace, As she that is my lady sovereyne; Or let me dye present in this place. For certes, long may I not live in peyne; For in myn herte is corven every veyne; Having reward only to my trouthe, My dere herte, have on my wo som routhe.

And if that I to hir be founde untrewe, Disobeysaunt, or wilful negligent, Avauntour, or in proces love a newe, I pray to you this be my Iugement, That with these foules I be al to-rent, That ilke day that ever she me finde To hir untrewe, or in my gilte unkinde.

And sin that noon loveth hir so wel as I, Al be she never of love me behette, Than oghte she be myn thourgh hir mercy, For other bond can I noon on hir knette. For never, for no wo, ne shal I lette To serven hir, how fer so that she wende; Sey what yow list, my tale is at an ende.'

Right as the fresshe, rede rose newe Ayen the somer-sonne coloured is, Right so for shame al wexen gan the hewe Of this formel, whan she herde al this; She neyther answerde 'Wel', ne seyde amis, So sore abasshed was she, til that Nature Seyde, 'doghter, drede yow noght, I yow assure.'

Another tercel egle spak anoon Of lower kinde, and seyde, 'that shal nat be; I love hir bet than ye do, by seynt Iohn, Or atte leste I love hir as wel as ye; And lenger have served hir, in my degree, And if she shulde have loved for long loving, To me allone had been the guerdoninge.

I dar eek seye, if she me finde fals, Unkinde, Iangler, or rebel in any wyse, Or Ialous, do me hongen by the hals! And but I bere me in hir servyse As wel as that my wit can me suffyse, From poynt to poynt, hir honour for to save, Tak she my lyf, and al the good I have.'

The thridde tercel egle answerde tho, 'Now, sirs, ye seen the litel leyser here; For every foul cryeth out to been a-go Forth with his make, or with his lady dere; And eek Nature hir-self ne wol nought here, For tarying here, noght half that I wolde seye; And but I speke, I mot for sorwe deye.

Of long servyse avaunte I me no-thing, But as possible is me to dye to-day For wo, as he that hath ben languisshing Thise twenty winter, and wel happen may A man may serven bet and more to pay In half a yere, al-though hit were no more, Than som man doth that hath served ful yore.

I ne sey not this by me, for I ne can Do no servyse that may my lady plese; But I dar seyn, I am hir trewest man As to my dome, and feynest wolde hir ese; At shorte wordes, til that deth me sese, I wol ben hires, whether I wake or winke, And trewe in al that herte may bethinke.'

Of al my lyf, sin that day I was born, So gentil plee in love or other thing Ne herde never no man me beforn, Who-so that hadde leyser and cunning For to reherse hir chere and hir speking; And from the morwe gan this speche laste Til dounward drow the sonne wonder faste.

The noyse of foules for to ben delivered So loude rong, 'have doon and let us wende!' That wel wende I the wode had al to-shivered. 'Come of!' they cryde, 'allas! ye wil us shende! Whan shal your cursed pleding have an ende? How shulde a Iuge eyther party leve, For yee or nay, with-outen any preve?'

The goos, the cokkow, and the doke also So cryden, 'kek, kek!' 'kukkow!' 'quek, quek!' hye, That thorgh myn eres the noyse wente tho. The goos seyde, 'al this nis not worth a flye! But I can shape hereof a remedye, And I wol sey my verdit faire and swythe For water-foul, who-so be wrooth or blythe.'

'And I for worm-foul,' seyde the fool cukkow, 'For I wol, of myn owne auctorite, For comune spede, take the charge now, For to delivere us is gret charite.' 'Ye may abyde a whyle yet, parde!' Seide the turtel, 'if hit be your wille A wight may speke, him were as good be stille.

I am a seed-foul, oon the unworthieste, That wot I wel, and litel of kunninge; But bet is that a wightes tonge reste Than entermeten him of such doinge Of which he neyther rede can nor singe. And who-so doth, ful foule himself acloyeth, For office uncommitted ofte anoyeth.'

Nature, which that alway had an ere To murmour of the lewednes behinde, With facound voys seide, 'hold your tonges there! And I shal sone, I hope, a counseyl finde You to delivere, and fro this noyse unbinde; I Iuge, of every folk men shal oon calle To seyn the verdit for you foules alle.'

Assented were to this conclusioun The briddes alle; and foules of ravyne Han chosen first, by pleyn eleccioun, The tercelet of the faucon, to diffyne Al hir sentence, and as him list, termyne; And to Nature him gonnen to presente, And she accepteth him with glad entente.

The tercelet seide than in this manere: 'Ful hard were it to preve hit by resoun Who loveth best this gentil formel here; For everich hath swich replicacioun, That noon by skilles may be broght a-doun; I can not seen that argumentes avayle; Than semeth hit ther moste be batayle.'

'Al redy!' quod these egles tercels tho. 'Nay, sirs!' quod he, 'if that I dorste it seye, Ye doon me wrong, my tale is not y-do! For sirs, ne taketh noght a-gref, I preye, It may noght gon, as ye wolde, in this weye; Oure is the voys that han the charge in honde, And to the Iuges dome ye moten stonde;

'And therfor, pees! I seye, as to my wit, Me wolde thinke how that the worthieste Of knighthode, and lengest hath used hit, Moste of estat, of blode the gentileste, Were sittingest for hir, if that hir leste; And of these three she wot hir-self, I trowe, Which that he be, for hit is light to knowe.'

The water-foules han her hedes leyd Togeder, and of short avysement, Whan everich had his large golee seyd, They seyden sothly, al by oon assent, How that 'the goos, with hir facounde gent, That so desyreth to pronounce our nede, Shal telle our tale,' and preyde 'god hir spede.'

And for these water-foules tho began The goos to speke, and in hir cakelinge She seyde, 'pees! now tak kepe every man, And herkeneth which a reson I shal bringe; My wit is sharp, I love no taryinge; I seye, I rede him, though he were my brother, But she wol love him, lat him love another!'

'Lo here! a parfit reson of a goos!' Quod the sperhauk; 'never mot she thee! Lo, swich hit is to have a tonge loos! Now parde, fool, yet were hit bet for thee Have holde thy pees, than shewed thy nycete! Hit lyth not in his wit nor in his wille, But sooth is seyd, "a fool can noght be stille."'

The laughter aroos of gentil foules alle, And right anoon the seed-foul chosen hadde The turtel trewe, and gunne hir to hem calle, And preyden hir to seye the sothe sadde Of this matere, and asked what she radde; And she answerde, that pleynly hir entente She wolde shewe, and sothly what she mente.

'Nay, god forbede a lover shulde chaunge!' The turtle seyde, and wex for shame al reed; 'Thogh that his lady ever-more be straunge, Yet let him serve hir ever, til he be deed; For sothe, I preyse noght the gooses reed; For thogh she deyed, I wolde non other make, I wol ben hires, til that the deth me take.'

'Wel bourded!' quod the doke, 'by my hat! That men shulde alwey loven, causeles, Who can a reson finde or wit in that? Daunceth he mury that is mirtheles? Who shulde recche of that is reccheles? Ye, quek!' yit quod the doke, ful wel and faire, 'There been mo sterres, god wot, than a paire!'

'Now fy, cherl!' quod the gentil tercelet, 'Out of the dunghil com that word ful right, Thou canst noght see which thing is wel be-set: Thou farest by love as oules doon by light, The day hem blent, ful wel they see by night; Thy kind is of so lowe a wrechednesse, That what love is, thou canst nat see ne gesse.'

Tho gan the cukkow putte him forth in prees For foul that eteth worm, and seide blyve, 'So I,' quod he, 'may have my make in pees, I recche not how longe that ye stryve; Lat ech of hem be soleyn al hir lyve, This is my reed, sin they may not acorde; This shorte lesson nedeth noght recorde.'

'Ye! have the glotoun fild ynogh his paunche, Than are we wel!' seyde the merlioun; 'Thou mordrer of the heysugge on the braunche That broghte thee forth, thou rewthelees glotoun! Live thou soleyn, wormes corrupcioun! For no fors is of lakke of thy nature; Go, lewed be thou, whyl the world may dure!'

'Now pees,' quod Nature, 'I comaunde here; For I have herd al your opinioun, And in effect yet be we never the nere; But fynally, this is my conclusioun, That she hir-self shal han the eleccioun Of whom hir list, who-so be wrooth or blythe, Him that she cheest, he shal hir have as swythe.

For sith hit may not here discussed be Who loveth hir best, as seide the tercelet, Than wol I doon hir this favour, that she Shal have right him on whom hir herte is set, And he hir that his herte hath on hir knet. Thus Iuge I, Nature, for I may not lye; To noon estat I have non other ye.

But as for counseyl for to chese a make, If hit were reson, certes, than wolde I Counseyle yow the royal tercel take, As seide the tercelet ful skilfully, As for the gentilest and most worthy, Which I have wroght so wel to my plesaunce; That to yow oghte been a suffisaunce.'

With dredful vois the formel hir answerde, 'My rightful lady, goddesse of Nature, Soth is that I am ever under your yerde, Lyk as is everiche other creature, And moot be youres whyl that my lyf may dure; And therfor graunteth me my firste bone, And myn entente I wol yow sey right sone.'

'I graunte it you,' quod she; and right anoon This formel egle spak in this degree, 'Almighty quene, unto this yeer be doon I aske respit for to avysen me. And after that to have my choys al free; This al and sum, that I wolde speke and seye; Ye gete no more, al-though ye do me deye.

I wol noght serven Venus ne Cupyde For sothe as yet, by no manere wey.' 'Now sin it may non other wyse betyde,' Quod tho Nature, 'here is no more to sey; Than wolde I that these foules were a-wey Ech with his make, for tarying lenger here' – And seyde hem thus, as ye shul after here.

'To you speke I, ye tercelets,' quod Nature, 'Beth of good herte and serveth, alle three; A yeer is not so longe to endure, And ech of yow peyne him, in his degree, For to do wel; for, god wot, quit is she Fro yow this yeer; what after so befalle, This entremes is dressed for you alle.'

And whan this werk al broght was to an ende, To every foule Nature yaf his make By even acorde, and on hir wey they wende. A! lord! the blisse and Ioye that they make! For ech of hem gan other in winges take, And with hir nekkes ech gan other winde, Thanking alwey the noble goddesse of kinde.

But first were chosen foules for to singe, As yeer by yere was alwey hir usaunce To singe a roundel at hir departinge, To do to Nature honour and plesaunce. The note, I trowe, maked was in Fraunce; The wordes wer swich as ye may heer finde, The nexte vers, as I now have in minde.

Qui bien aime a tard oublie.

'Now welcom somer, with thy sonne softe, That hast this wintres weders over-shake, And driven awey the longe nightes blake!

'Saynt Valentyn, that art ful by on-lofte; – Thus singen smale foules for thy sake – Now welcom somer, with thy sonne softe, That hast this wintres weders over-shake.

'Wel han they cause for to gladen ofte, Sith ech of hem recovered hath his make; Ful blisful may they singen whan they wake; Now welcom somer, with thy sonne softe, That hast this wintres weders over-shake, And driven away the longe nightes blake.'

And with the showting, whan hir song was do, That foules maden at hir flight a-way, I wook, and other bokes took me to To rede upon, and yet I rede alway; In hope, y-wis, to rede so som day That I shal mete som thing for to fare The bet; and thus to rede I nil not spare.

Parliamentum avium in die Sancti Valentini tentum secundum Galfridum Chaucer. Deo gracias.