The Economics of Climate Change: a Primer/References

The references cited in this study, organized by chapter, are listed below.

Chapter 2
Alley, R.B., and others. 2003. “Abrupt Climate Change.” Science, vol. 299 (March 28), pp. 2005-2010.

Babiker, Mustafa, and others. 2001. The MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) Model: Revisions, Sensitivities, and Comparisons of Results. Report no. 71. Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change.

Boyd, Philip W., and others. 2000. “A Mesoscale Phytoplankton Bloom in the Polar Southern Ocean Stimulated by Iron Fertilization.” Nature, vol. 407 (October 12), pp. 695-702.

Broecker, Wally S., and Sidney Hemming. 2001. “Climate Swings Come into Focus.” Science, vol. 294 (December 14), pp. 2308-2309.

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. 2000. Trends Online: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. Available at http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/trends.htm.

Clark, Peter U., and others. 2001. “The Role of the Thermohaline Circulation in Abrupt Climate Change.” Nature, vol. 415 (February 21), pp. 863-869.

Congressional Research Service. 2001. Global Climate Change Briefing Book. March 8. Available at www.congress.gov/brbk/html/ebgcc1.shtml.

Crowley, Thomas J. 1996. “Remembrance of Things Past: Greenhouse Lessons from the Geologic Record.” Consequences, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 2-12.

Crowley, Thomas J., and Robert A. Berner. 2001. “CO$2$ and Climate Change.” Science, vol. 292 (May 4), pp. 870-872.

Department of Energy. 1997. CO$2$ Capture, Reuse, and Storage Technologies for Mitigating Global Climate Change: A White Paper. DOE Order no. DE-AF22-96PC01257. Prepared by Howard Herzog and others at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Laboratory. January.

Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. 2001. Annual Energy Review 2000. DOE/EIA-0384 (2000).

Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. 2002a. Annual Energy Review 2001. DOE/EIA-0384(2001). November.

Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. 2002b. International Energy Outlook 2002. DOE/ EIA-0484(2002). March.

Department of State. 2002. United States Climate Action Report 2002. May.

The Economist, “Economics Focus: Hot Potato, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Had Better Check Its Calculations,” February 15, 2003, p. 72.

Edmonds, J. 2002. “Atmospheric Stabilization: Technology Needs, Opportunities, and Timing.” Pp. 47-57 in J.A. Riggs, ed., U.S. Policy on Climate Change: What Next? Aspen, Colo.: Aspen Institute. Available at www.aspeninstitute.org/aspeninstitute/files/Img/EdmondsEEEClimate.pdf.

Falkowski, P., and others. 2000. “The Global Carbon Cycle: A Test of Our Knowledge of Earth as a System.” Science, vol. 290, no. 5490 (October 13), pp. 291-296.

Field, Christopher B. 2001. “Sharing the Garden.” Science, vol. 294 (December 21), pp. 2491-2492.

Ganopolski, Andrey, and Stefan Rahmstorf. 2001. “Rapid Changes of Glacial Climate Simulated in a Coupled Climate Model.” Nature, vol. 409 (January 11), pp. 153-158.

Heal, Geoffrey, and Bengt Kriström. 2002. “Uncertainty and Climate Change.” Environmental and Resource Economics, vol. 22, pp. 3-39.

Hoerling, Martin, and Arun Kumar. 2003. “The Perfect Ocean for Drought.” Science, vol. 299 (January 31), pp. 691-694.

Holtz-Eakin, Douglas, and Thomas M. Selden. 1995. “Stoking the Fires? CO$2$ Emissions and Economic Growth.” Journal of Public Economics, vol. 57 (January), pp. 85-101.

Houghton, J.T., and others, eds. 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

Houghton, R.A., and David L. Skole. 1990. “Carbon.” In B.L. Turner II and others, eds., The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere over the Past 300 Years. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, pp. 393-408.

Kerr, Richard A. 2001. “Rising Global Temperature, Rising Uncertainty.” Science, vol. 292, no. 5515 (April 13), pp. 192-194.

Kump, Lee R. 2001. “Chill Taken Out of the Tropics.” Nature, vol. 413 (October 4), pp. 470-471.

Kvenvolden, Keith A. 1999. “Potential Effects of Gas Hydrate on Human Welfare.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 96 (March), pp. 3420-3426.

Lamb, H.H. 1995. Climate, History, and the Modern World. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.

Mahlman, Jerry D. 2001. “The Long Time Scales of Human-Caused Climate Warming: Further Challenges for the Global Policy Process.” Paper prepared for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change Workshop on the Timing of Climate Change Policies. October. Available at www.pewclimate.org/events/timing_presentations.cfm.

Marland, G., T.A. Boden, and R.J. Andres. 2002. “Global, Regional, and National Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions.” In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.

Masters, William A., and Margaret S. McMillan. 2000. “Climate and Scale in Economic Growth.” CID Working Paper no. 48. Cambridge, Mass.: Center for International Development at Harvard University.

McCarl, Bruce A., and Uwe A. Schneider. 2001. “Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in United States Agriculture and Forestry.” Science, vol. 294 (December 21), pp. 2481-2482.

McCarthy, James J., and others, eds. 2001. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

Mendelsohn, Robert O., and James E. Neumann, eds. 1999. The Impact of Climate Change on the United States Economy. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

Metz, Bert, and others, eds. 2001. Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

Moore, Thomas Gale. 1998. Climate of Fear: Why We Shouldn’t Worry About Global Warming. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.

Nakićenović, Nebojša, and Rob Swart, eds. 2000. Emission Scenarios. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

National Assessment Synthesis Team. 2000. Climate Change Impacts on the United States: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

National Science and Technology Council, Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, Subcommittee on Global Change Research. 2001. Our Changing Planet: The FY2002 United States Global Change Research Program. September. Available at www.gcrio.org/ocp2002/.

Nordhaus, William D. 1994. Managing the Global Commons: The Economics of Climate Change. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Nordhaus, William D., ed. 1998a. Economic and Policy Issues in Climate Change. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future Press.

Nordhaus, William D. 1998b. “New Estimates of the Economic Impacts of Climate Change.” Unpublished paper, Department of Economics, Yale University. December. Available at www.econ.yale.edu/~nordhaus/homepage/climatewrite.htm.

Nordhaus, William D., and Joseph Boyer. 2000. Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Pearson, Paul N., and Martin R. Palmer. 2000. “Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations over the Past 60 Million Years.” Nature, vol. 406 (August 17), pp. 695-699.

Porter, Edward D. 1995. “Are We Running Out of Oil?” Discussion Paper no. 81. Washington, D.C.: American Petroleum Institute. December.

Reilly, John M., Henry D. Jacoby, and Ronald G. Prinn. 2003. Multi-Gas Contributors to Global Climate Change: Climate Impacts and Mitigation Costs of Non-CO$2$ Gases. Arlington, Va.: Pew Center on Global Climate Change. February.

Richerson, Peter J., and others. 2001. “Was Agriculture Impossible During the Pleistocene but Mandatory During the Holocene? A Climate Change Hypothesis.” American Antiquity, vol. 66, no. 3 (July), pp. 387-411.

Sala-i-Martin, Xavier. 1997. “I Just Ran Two Million Regressions.” American Economic Review, vol. 87, no. 2 (May), pp. 178-183.

Schimel, D. S., and others. 2001. “Recent Patterns and Mechanisms of Carbon Exchange by Terrestrial Ecosystems.” Nature, vol. 414 (November 8), pp. 169-172.

Scholes, R.J., and I.R. Noble. 2001. “Storing Carbon on Land.” Science, vol. 294 (November 2), pp. 1012-1013.

Shackleton, N. J., 2000. “The 100,000-Year Ice-Age Cycle Identified and Found to Lag Temperature, Carbon Dioxide, and Orbital Eccentricity.” Science, vol. 289, no. 5486 (September 15), pp. 1897-1902.

Veizer, Ján, Yves Godderis, and Louis M. François. 2000. “Evidence for Decoupling of Atmospheric CO2 and Global Climate During the Phanerozoic Eon.” Nature, vol. 408 (December 7), pp. 698-701.

Watson, Robert T., and others, eds. 2000. Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

Watson, Robert T., and others, eds. 2001. Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

Weart, Spencer R. 1997. “The Discovery of the Risk of Global Warming.” Physics Today, vol. 50, no. 1 (January), pp. 34-40.

Webster, Mort, and others. 2002. Uncertainty Analysis of Climate Change and Policy Response. Report no. 95. Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. December.

World Energy Council. 2001. Survey of Energy Resources, 19th Edition. London: World Energy Council. Available at www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/default/launches/ser/ser.asp.

Zachos, James, and others. 2001. “Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present.” Science, vol. 292 (April 27), pp. 686-693.

Zwiers, Francis W. 2002. “The 20-Year Forecast,” Nature, vol. 416 (April 18), pp. 690-691.

Chapter 3
Congressional Budget Office. 2000. ''Who Gains and Who Pays Under Carbon-Allowance Trading? The Distributional Effects of Alternative Policy Designs.'' June.

Cropper, Maureen L., Sema K. Aydede, and Paul R. Portney. 1994. “Preferences for Life Saving Programs: How the Public Discounts Time and Age.” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, vol. 8, pp. 243-265.

Heal, Geoffrey, and Bengt Kriström. 2002. “Uncertainty and Climate Change.” Environmental and Resource Economics, vol. 22, pp. 3-39.

Howarth, Richard B. 2001. “Climate Rights and Economic Modeling.” Pp. 315-336 in Darwin Hall and Richard B. Howarth, eds. The Long-Term Economics of Climate Change: Beyond a Doubling of Greenhouse Gas Concentrations. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V.

Keller, Klaus, and others. 2000. Preserving the Ocean Circulation: Implications for Climate Policy. Working Paper no. 7476. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. January.

Lasky, Mark. Forthcoming. The Economic Costs of Reducing Emissions of Greenhouse Gases: A Survey of Economic Models. CBO Technical Paper.

Newell, Richard, and William Pizer. 2001. Discounting the Benefits of Climate Change Mitigation: How Much Do Uncertain Rates Increase Valuations? Arlington, Va.: Pew Center on Global Climate Change. December.

Newell, Richard, James Sanchirico, and Suzi Kerr. 2002. Fishing Quota Markets. Discussion Paper 02-20. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. August.

Nordhaus, William D. 1994. Managing the Global Commons: The Economics of Climate Change. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Nordhaus, William D. 2000. Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Nordhaus, William D., and David Popp. 1997. “What Is the Value of Scientific Knowledge? An Application to Global Warming Using the PRICE Model.” Energy Journal, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1-47.

Papathanasiou, Demetrios, and Dennis Anderson. 2001. “Uncertainties in Responding to Climate Change: On the Economic Value of Technology Policies for Reducing Costs and Creating Options.” Energy Journal, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 79-114.

Pizer, William A. 1997. Prices vs. Quantities Revisited: The Case of Climate Change, Working Paper no. 98-02. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. October.

Webster, M.D. 2002. “The Curious Role of ‘Learning’ in Climate Policy: Should We Wait for More Data?” Energy Journal, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 97-119.

Weitzman, Martin L. 1999. “Just Keep Discounting, But. ...” In Paul R. Portney and John P. Weyant, eds., Discounting and Intergenerational Equity. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, pp. 23-29.

Weitzman, Martin L. 2001.“Gamma Discounting.” American Economic Review, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 260-271.

Wigley, T.M.L., R. Richels, and J.A. Edmonds. 1996. “Economic and Environmental Choices in the Stabilization of Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations.” Nature, vol. 379 (January 18), pp. 240-243.

Chapter 4
Babiker, Mustafa H., Gilbert E. Metcalf, and John Reilly. 2002. Tax Distortions and Global Climate Policy. Report no. 85. Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. May.

Baumol, William J., and Wallace E. Oates. 1988. The Theory of Environmental Policy. 2nd ed. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

Burtraw, Dallas, and Michael Toman. 1997. The Benefits of Reduced Air Pollutants in the United States from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Policies. Discussion Paper 98-01-REV. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. November.

Burtraw, Dallas, and others. 1999. Ancillary Benefits of Reduced Air Pollution in the United States from Moderate Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Policies in the Electricity Sector. Discussion Paper 99-51. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. September.

Congressional Budget Office. 1990. Energy Use and Emissions of Carbon Dioxide: Federal Spending and Credit Programs and Tax Policies. CBO Paper. December.

Congressional Budget Office. 1996. Labor Supply and Taxes. CBO Memorandum. January.

Congressional Budget Office. 2000. ''Who Gains and Who Pays Under Carbon-Allowance Trading? The Distributional Effects of Alternative Policy Designs''. June.

Congressional Budget Office. 2001. An Evaluation of Cap-and-Trade Programs for Reducing U.S. Carbon Emissions. June.

Congressional Budget Office. 2002. Reducing Gasoline Consumption: Three Policy Options. November.

Crampton, Peter, and Suzi Kerr. 1998. Tradable Carbon Allowance Auctions: How and Why to Auction. Washington, D.C.: Center for Clean Air Policy. March.

Department of Energy. 1997. Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1994. DOE/EIA-0512(94). December.

Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. 1992. Federal Energy Subsidies: Direct and Indirect Interventions in Energy Markets. DOE/EIA-SR/EMEU/92-02.

Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. 2000. Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy Markets,1999: Energy Transformation and End Use. DOE/EIA-SR/OIAF/2000-02. May. Available at www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy1/pdf/sroiaf(2000)02.pdf.

Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. 2002. Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy Markets, 1999: Primary Energy. DOE/EIA-SR/OIAF/99-03. September. Available at www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy/pdf/sroiaf(99)03.pdf.

Energy Modeling Forum. 1996. Markets for Energy Efficiency. EMF Report no. 13, vol. 1. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University. September.

Executive Office of the President. 1993. The Climate Change Action Plan. October. Available at www.gcrio.org/USCCAP/toc.html.

Fischer, Carolyn, Ian W.H. Parry, and William A. Pizer. 1998. Instrument Choice for Environmental Protection When Technological Innovation Is Endogenous. Discussion Paper no. 99-04. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. October.

Goulder, Lawrence H., and Steven H. Schneider. 1996. Induced Technological Change, Crowding Out, and the Attractiveness of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Abatement. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Institute for International Studies. October.

Gravelle, Jane G. 1994. The Economic Effects of Taxing Capital Income. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Interlaboratory Working Group. 2000. Scenarios for a Clean Energy Future. ORNL/CON-476 and LBNL-44029. Oak Ridge, Tenn., and Berkeley, Calif.: Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. November.

Jaffe, Adam B., Richard G. Newell, and Robert N. Stavins. 2000. Technological Change and the Environment. Discussion Paper 00-47. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. October.

Jorgenson, Dale W., and Richard J. Goettle. 2000. The Role of Substitution in Understanding the Costs of Climate Change Policy. Arlington, Va.: Pew Center on Global Climate Change. September.

Koplow, Douglas N. 1993. Federal Energy Subsidies: Energy, Environmental, and Fiscal Impacts. Washington, D.C.: The Alliance to Save Energy.

Lasky, Mark. Forthcoming. The Economic Costs of Reducing Emissions of Greenhouse Gases: A Survey of Economic Models. CBO Technical Paper.

Newell, Richard G., Adam B. Jaffe, and Robert N. Stavins. 1998. The Induced Innovation Hypothesis and Energy-Saving Technological Change. Discussion Paper 98-12 (revised). Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. October.

Nordhaus, William D. 1997. “Modeling Induced Innovation in Climate-Change Policy.” Paper presented at the IIASA/NBER Workshop on Induced Technical Change and the Environment, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, June 26-27.

Oates, Wallace B. 1992. “Taxation and the Environment: A Case Study of the United States.” Unpublished manuscript. Department of Economics, University of Maryland, College Park. May.

Parry, Ian W.H. 1997. Revenue Recycling and the Costs of Reducing Carbon Emissions. Climate Issues Brief no. 2. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. June.

Parry, Ian W.H. 2002. Adjusting Carbon Cost Analyses to Account for Prior Tax Distortions. Discussion Paper 02-47. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. August.

Parry, Ian W.H., and Antonio Miguel Bento. 1999. Tax Deductible Spending, Environmental Policy, and the “Double Dividend” Hypothesis. Discussion Paper 99-24. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. February.

Parry, Ian W.H., and Wallace E. Oates. 1998. Policy Analysis in a Second-Best World. Discussion Paper 98-48. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. September.

Parry, Ian W.H., Roberton C. Williams III, and Laurence H. Goulder. 1996. ''When Can Carbon Abatement Policies Increase Welfare? The Fundamental Role of Distorted Factor Markets''. Discussion Paper 97-18. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. December.

Pizer, William A. 1997. Prices vs. Quantities Revisited: The Case of Climate Change. Working Paper no. 98-02. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. October.

Pizer, William A. 1998. Optimal Choice of Policy Instrument and Stringency Under Uncertainty: the Case of Climate Change. Working Paper no. 98-XX. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. August.

Pizer, William A. 1999. Choosing Price or Quantity Controls for Greenhouse Gases. Climate Issues Brief no. 17. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. July.

Popp, David. 2001. Induced Innovation and Energy Prices. Working Paper no. 8284. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. May.

Reilly, John M., Henry D. Jacoby, and Ronald G. Prinn. 2003. Multi-Gas Contributors to Global Climate Change: Climate Impacts and Mitigation Costs of Non-CO$2$ Gases. Arlington, Va.: Pew Center on Global Climate Change. February.

Shackleton, Robert G., and others. 1993. “The Efficiency Value of Carbon Tax Revenues.” Energy Modeling Forum Working Paper no. 128. Stanford, Calif.: Energy Modeling Forum, Stanford University. January.

Sutherland, Ronald J. 2000. “‘No Cost’ Efforts to Reduce Carbon Emissions in the United States: An Economic Perspective.” Energy Journal, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 89-112.

Weitzman, Martin L. 1974. “Prices vs. Quantities.” Review of Economic Studies, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 477-491.

Welch, Eric W., Allan Mazur, and Stuart Bretschneider. 2000. “Voluntary Behavior by Electric Utilities: Levels of Adoption and Contribution of the Climate Challenge Program to the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 407-425.

Yuskavage, Robert E. 1996. “Improved Estimates of Gross Product by Industry, 1959-94.” Survey of Current Business, vol. 76, no. 8, pp. 133-155. August. Updated data can be found at www.bea.doc.gov/bea/dn2/gpo.htm.

Chapter 5
Aldy, Joseph E., Peter R. Orszag, and Joseph E. Stiglitz. 2001. Climate Change: An Agenda for Collective Action. Prepared for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change Workshop on the Timing of Climate Change Policies. October. Available at www.pewclimate.org/events/timing_presentations.cfm.

Babiker, Mustafa H., and others. 2002. The Evolution of a Climate Regime: Kyoto to Marrakech. Report No. 82. Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. February.

Bradford, David F. 2002. “Improving on Kyoto: Greenhouse Gas Control as the Purchase of a Global Public Good.” April 30. Available at www.wws.princeton.edu/~bradford/globalpublicghgcontrol01.pdf.

Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2003: Analytical Perspectives, p. 171.

Climate Change Science Program. 2002. Strategic Plan for the Climate Change Science Program. November 19. Available at www.climatescience.gov/library/stratplan2003/default.htm.

Congressional Budget Office. 1990. Energy Use and Emissions of Carbon Dioxide: Federal Spending and Credit Programs and Tax Policies. CBO Paper. December.

Congressional Budget Office. 1996. Labor Supply and Taxes. CBO Memorandum. January.

Congressional Budget Office. 1998. Climate Change and the Federal Budget. CBO Memorandum. August.

Congressional Budget Office. 2000. ''Who Gains and Who Pays Under Carbon-Allowance Trading? The Distributional Effects of Alternative Policy Designs''. June.

Congressional Budget Office. 2001. An Evaluation of Cap-and-Trade Programs for Reducing U.S. Carbon Emissions. June.

Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. 2000. Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy Markets, 1999: Energy Transformation and End Use. DOE/EIA-SR/OIAF/2000-02. May. Available at www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy1/pdf/sroiaf(2000)02.pdf.

Executive Office of the President. 2002. Global Climate Change Policy Book. Available at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/02/climatechange.html.

General Accounting Office. 1999. International Environment: Literature on the Effectiveness of International Environmental Agreements. GAO/RCED-99-148. May.

Kopp, Raymond, Richard Morgenstern, and William Pizer. 1997. Something for Everyone: A Climate Policy That Both Environmentalists and Industry Can Live With. September. Available at www.weathervane.rff.org/features/ feature015.html.

Kopp, Raymond, and others. 1999. A Proposal for Credible Early Action in United States Climate Policy. February. Available at www.weathervane.rff.org/features/feature060.html.

Lasky, Mark. Forthcoming. The Economic Costs of Reducing Emissions of Greenhouse Gases: A Survey of Economic Models. CBO Technical Paper.

McKibbin, Warwick. 2000. Moving Beyond Kyoto. Policy Brief no. 66. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. October. Available at www.brook.edu/comm/policybriefs/pb066/pb66.htm.

McKibbin, Warwick, and Peter Wilcoxen. 2000. The Next Step for Climate Change Policy. Background Paper no. 1. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. February. Available at www.brook.edu/dybdocroot/views/papers/mckibbin/climate.htm.

McKibbin, Warwick, and Peter Wilcoxen. 2002. “The Role of Economics in Climate Change Policy.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 16, no. 2 (Spring), pp. 107-130.

Michaels, Patrick. 2001.“Global Warming.” Chapter 47 in Edward H. Crane and David Boaz, eds., Cato Handbook for Congress: Policy Recommendations for the 107th Congress. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.

National Science and Technology Council, Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, Subcommittee on Global Change Research. 2001. Our Changing Planet: The FY2002 United States Global Change Research Program. September. Available at www.gcrio.org/ocp2002/.

Nordhaus, William D. 1998. “Is the Kyoto Protocol a Dead Duck? Are There Any Live Ducks Around? Comparison of Alternative Global Tradable Emissions Regimes.” Unpublished paper, version 073198a.wpd. July 31. Available from the author at william.nordhaus@yale.edu.

Schelling, Thomas C. 2002 .“What Makes Greenhouse Sense? Time to Rethink the Kyoto Protocol.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 81, no. 3 (May/June), pp. 2-9.

Sky Trust. 2000. The Sky Trust Economy-Wide Proposal to Reduce U.S. Carbon Emissions. June. Available at www.cfed.org/sustainable_economies/common_assets/.

United Nations. 1992. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Available at http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf.

United Nations. 1997. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Available at http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf.

United Nations. 2000. A Guide to the Climate Change Convention and Its Kyoto Protocol. Available at unfccc.int/resource/guideconvkp-p.pdf.

United Nations. 2003. Kyoto Protocol Status of Ratification. March 20. Available at unfccc.int/resource/kpstats.pdf.

Victor, David G., and others, eds. 1998. The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Victor, David G. 2001. The Collapse of the Kyoto Protocol and the Struggle to Slow Global Warming. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.