Rodman v. Pothier/Opinion of the Court

Respondent Pothier and another were duly indicted-October 13, 1922-for the murder of Alexander P. Cronkhite, on October 25, 1918, 'within and on lands theretofore acquired for the exclusive use of the United States, and under the exclusive jurisdiction thereof, and within the Southern division of the Western district of Washington, to wit, within and on the Camp Lawis Military Reservation.' Pothier was arrested in the state of Rhode Island and, after hearings before the commissioner and the District Court, a warrant for his removal was directed as provided by section 1014, Rev. Stat. (Comp. St. § 1674). By this habeas corpus proceeding the validity of the warrant is questioned and respondent's release sought. His contention is that the United States had not acquired exclusive jurisdiction over the place of the crime as alleged by the indictment, because they had not then received a deed to the land.

The District Court said and held (In re Pothier, 285 Fed. 632):

'The argument of the defense is that by the terms of the     statute the passing of the deed is a prerequisite to the      exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, and that, as the      deed postdates the time of the alleged murder, the United      States did not than have exclusive jurisdiction over the      lands conveyed by said deed. But the evidence shows also that     before the passage of the deeds, and before the date of the      alleged murder, Pierce county, acting as the arm and agent of      the state, had acquired by condemnation, and had turned over      to the United States military authorities, many tracts of      land comprised within the Camp Lewis Military Reservation,      which had been selected by a representative of the Secretary      of War, and which, when donated to the United States, the      Secretary of War had been authorized to accept. Buildings had     been erected and the camp permanently occupied before January      29, 1918, and before July, 1918, there were 50,000 men in      camp. There is much evidence tending to show that as to a     number of the tracts of land comprised in the camp there was,      before the date of the alleged crime, a practical      consummation of the donation, and that the agents of the      county and of the United States had done all that it was      necessary to do in order to vest title and exclusive      jurisdiction in the United States, save the execution and      recording of the deeds whereby the title of the United States      should be evidenced. The contention of the United States that     the evidence of de facto exercise of exclusive jurisdiction      is sufficient in itself to show probable cause cannot be      disregarded, in view of the quaere in Holt v. United States,      218 U.S. 245, 252, 31 Sup. Ct. 2, 6 (54 L. Ed. 1021, 20 Ann.     Cas. 1138): 'The documents referred to are not before us, but      they properly were introduced, and so far as we can see      justified the finding of the jury, even if the evidence of      the de facto exercise of exclusive jurisdiction was not      enough, or if the United States was called on to try title in a murder case.' *  *  * I am of the opinion      that the defendant has failed to overcome the prima facie      case made by the indictment, and that the evidence fails to      show the want of probable cause.'

The Circuit Court of Appeals (Pothier v. Rodman, 291 Fed. 311) was—

'of the opinion that no other conclusion can be drawn from     the evidence than that, at the time the crime charged in the      indictment was committed, the United States had acquired no      title in the land embraced within Camp Lewis Military      Reservation; that the sovereignty of the state over the tract      had not then been yielded up, and was not until the deed,      map, etc., were filed in the office of the county auditor of      Pierce county for record, which was not until November 15,      1919, more than a year after the alleged murder. This being     so, there is an absolute want of probable cause for the      removal of the appellant to answer to the crime charged. Greene v. Henkel, 183 U.S. 249, 261, 22 Sup. Ct. 218, 46 L.     Ed. 177.'

It accordingly reversed the judgment of the District Court and directed Pothier's discharge.

We think there was enough to show probable cause and that the judgment of the District Court is correct. Whether the locus of the alleged crime was within the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States demands consideration of many facts and seriously controverted questions of law. As heretofore often pointed out, these matters must be determined by the court where the indictment was found. The regular course may not be anticipated by alleging want of jurisdiction and demanding a ruling thereon in a habeas corpus proceeding. Barring certain exceptional cases (unlike the present one), this court—

'has uniformly held that the hearing on habeas corpus is not     in the nature of a writ of error, nor is it intended as a      substitute for the functions of the trial court. Manifestly,     this is true as to disputed questions of fact, and it is      equally so as to disputed matters of law, whether they relate      to the sufficiency of the indictment or the validity of the statute on which the charge is based. These and all other controverted matters of law and fact are     for the determination of the trial court.' Henry v. Henkel,      235 U.S. 219, 229, 35 Sup. Ct. 54, 57 (59 L. Ed. 203); Louie     v. United States, 254 U.S. 548, 41 Sup. Ct. 188, 65 L. Ed. 399.

Reversed.