Pope v. Allis/Opinion of the Court

1. The first assignment of error relates to nine exceptions to the admission of evidence by the court against the objection of the plaintiffs in error. The complaint having alleged that the contract between the parties was for the delivery of the iron at Milwaukee, the plaintiffs in error objected to the introduction of evidence offered by the defendant in error which tended to show a contract for the delivery of the iron at Copley or Elizabethport, because the proof offered did not support the averments of the complaint, and the court having overruled their objections and admitted the evidence, they now contend that the judgment should for that reason be reversed. But it is clear that, under section 2669 of the Revised Statutes of Wisconsin, which constitutes a rule for the guidance of the federal courts in that state, this assignment of error is not well taken. The section mentioned provides: 'No variance between the allegations in pleading and the proof shall be deemed material unless it shall actually mislead the adverse party to his prejudice in maintaining his action or defense on its merits. Whenever it shall be alleged that a party has been so misled, the fact shall be proved to the satisfaction of the court in what respect he has been misled, and thereupon the court may order the pleading to be amended upon such terms as may be just.' The answer of the plaintiffs in error denied that the contract provided for the delivery of the iron in Milwaukee, and averred that the iron was to be delivered at Coplay. We do not think that evidence offered by the defendant in error, which tended to establish the averments of the answer rather than of the complaint, was such a variance as could mislead the plaintiffs in error to their prejudice in maintaining their defense upon the merits; but, if they had been really misled, they should have proved the fact to the satisfaction of the court upon the trial. Having neglected to do this, they cannot now complain. It is clear that, under the statute of Wisconsin, the plaintiffs in error had no just ground of exception to the admission of the evidence objected to. Bonner v. ''Home Ins. Co., 13 Wis. 677; Leopold v. Van Kirk, 29 Wis. 553; Giffert v. West'', 33 Wis. 617. These cases show that the discrepancy between the pleading and the proof was a variance within the meaning of the statute of Wisconsin, and that the section cited is applicable to the question in hand.

2. The next contention of the plaintiffs in error is that evidence was improperly admitted by the circuit court to show that the iron landed at Milwaukee was not of the quality required by the contract; the defendant in error not having shown, or offered to show, as the plaintiffs in error insisted, that it was the same iron which the defendant in error had purchased, and which had been shipped at Elizabethport. And on the ground that the identity of the iron was not shown, the plaintiffs in error insist that the court erred in refusing to charge the jury, as requested by them, to return a verdict in their favor. We think the assignment of error is not supported by the record. The defendant in error did introduce evidence, and, as it seems to us, persuasive evidence, to show that the iron shipped for the defendant in error at Elizabethport was the iron landed and delivered to him at Milwaukee. The testimony introduced tended to prove that one Hazard, on whose dock, at Elizabethport, New Jersey, iron belonging to the plaintiffs in error was stacked, shipped between, April 28th and May 12th, at Elizabethport, on five canal-boats, whose names are given, 500 tons of American iron, consigned to Thomas J. Pope & Brother, care National Exchange Bank, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and to be transported to Milwaukee by the river, canal, and lakes; that about the same time there was shipped to the same consignees, and to the care of the same bank, the 300 tons of Scotch iron which had been sold by the plaintiffs in error to the defendant in error.

It was further shown that, on June 9th and 15th following, 800 tons of iron, 500 being American and 300 Scotch, were transferred from the dock at Buffalo to two schooners, and the bills of lading given by the schooners stated that the 500 tons of American iron were the cargo of canal-boats of the same name as those on which the iron had been shipped at Elizabethport, and it appeared that both the American and Scotch iron transferred to the schooners was consigned to Thomas J. Pope & Brother, care National Exchange Bank, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was further shown that, about July 15th, the two schooners above mentioned landed at Milwaukee 500 tons American iron and 300 tons of Scotch iron for the consignees mentioned in the bills of lading, and the iron was delivered to the defendant in error, and it was conceded that the 300 tons of Scotch iron was the same which had been sold by the plaintiffs in error to the defendant in error and shipped to said consignees for him.

In addition to this evidence, the defendant in error introduced the deposition of James E. Pope, one of the plaintiffs in error, in which he testified as follows: 'There is a suit pending between my firm, as plaintiff, and the Coplay Iron Company, as defendant, relating to the American iron shipped to E. P. Allis & Co.' As an exhibit to this deposition there was § copy of the complaint in the suit, sworn to by James E. Pope, from which it appeared that the action was brought to recover of the Coplay Iron Company damages for the breach of a contract by which that company warranted that a certain 500 tons of iron, sold by it to the plaintiff in said suit as No. 1 extra iron, was of that quality; and it clearly appeared, from the complaint referred to, that one of the facts on which the cause of action was based, was that the 500 tons of iron sold and shipped by the plaintiffs in error to the care of the National Exchange Bank, for the defendant in error, as No. 1 extra American iron, was the identical iron delivered for him to the bank at Milwaukee, and which he had purchased and paid for. We therefore repeat that there was persuasive evidence offered to show that the iron shipped at Elizabethport, for the defendant in error at Milwaukee, was the identical iron landed at Milwaukee and received by him. The assignments of error, based on the contention that there was no such evidence, must therefore fall.

3. The bill of exceptions shows that the complaint above mentioned in the suit of the plaintiffs in error against the Coplay Iron Company was sworn to by James E. Pope; that it contained an averment on information and belief touching the quality of the iron in controversy in this suit; and that the plaintiffs in error asked the court on the trial of this case to charge the jury that such complaint was not evidence of any facts therein stated on information and belief. The court refused the charge, but instructed the jury that, in determining what weight as an admission the complaint should have, they might consider the fact that the allegation in relation to the quality of the iron in question was made on information and belief. The plaintiffs in error, having excepted at the trial, now assign as error the refusal of the court to give the charge requested. We think the court did not err in its refusal. When a bill or answer in equity or a pleading in an action at law is sworn to by the party, it is competent evidence against him in another suit as a solemn admission by him of the truth of the facts stated. Studdy v. Sanders, 2 Dowl, & R. 347; De Whelpdale v. Milburn, 5 Price, 485; Central Bridge Corp. v. Lowell, 15 Gray, 106; Bliss v. Nichols, 12 Allen, 443; Elliott v. Hayden, 104 Mass. 180; Cook v. Barr, 44 N. Y. 156; Tayl. Ev. (7th Ed.) § 1753; Greenl. Ev. §§ 552, 555. When the averment is made on information and belief, it is nevertheless admissible as evidence, though not conclusive. Lord ELLENBOROUGH in Doe v. Steel, 3 Camp. 115. The authority cited sustains the proposition that the fact that the averment is made on information and belief merely detracts from the weight of the testimony. It does not render it inadmissible. The charge given by the circuit court on this point, therefore, deprived the plaintiffs in error of no advantage to which they were entitled.

4. The assignment of error mainly relied on by the plaintiffs in error is that the court refused to instruct the jury to return a verdict for the defendants. The legal proposition upon which their counsel based this request was that the purchaser of personal property, upon breach of warranty of quality, cannot, in the absence of fraud, rescind the contract of purchase and sale, and sue for the recovery of the price. And they contended that, as the iron was delivered to defendant in error either at Coplay or Elizabethport, and the sale was completed thereby, the only remedy of the defendant in error was by a suit upon the warranty. It did not appear that at the date of the contract the iron had been manufactured, and it was shown by the record that no particular iron was segregated and appropriated to the contract by the plaintiffs in error until a short time before its shipment, in the latter part of April and the early part of May. The defendant in error had no opportunity to inspect it until it arrived in Milwaukee, and consequently never accepted the particular iron appropriated to fill the contract. It was established by the verdict of the jury that the iron shipped was not of the quality required by the contract. Under these circumstances the contention of the plaintiffs in error is that the defendant in error, although the iron shipped to him was not what he bought, and could not be used in business, was bound to keep it, and could only recover the difference in value between the iron for which he contracted and the iron which was delivered to him.

We do not think that such is the law. When the subject-matter of a sale is not in existence, or not ascertained at the time of the contract, an undertaking that it shall, when existing or ascertained, possess certain qualities, is not a mere warranty, but a condition, the performance of which is precedent to any obligation upon the vendee under the contract; because the existence of those qualities being part of the description of the thing sold becomes essential to its identity, and the vendee cannot be obliged to receive and pay for a thing different from that for which he contracted. Chanter v. Hopkins, 4 Mees. & W. 404; Barr v. Gibson, 3 Mees. & W. 390; Gompertz v. Bartlett, 2 El. & Bl. 849; Okell v. Smith, 1 Stark, N. P. 107; notes to Cutter v. Powell, 2 Smith, Lead. Cas. (7th Amer. Ed.) 37; Woodle v. Whitney, 23 Wis. 55; Boothby v. Scales, 27 Wis. 626; Fairfield v. Madison Manuf'g Co., 38 Wis. 346. See, also, Nichol v. Godts, 10 Exch. 191. So, in a recent case decided by this court, it was said by Mr. Justice GRAY: 'A statement' in a mercantile contract 'descriptive of the subject-matter or of some material incident, such as the time or place of shipment, is ordinarily to be regarded as a warranty in the sense in which that term is used in insurance and maritime law; that is to say, a condition precedent upon the failure or non-performance of which the party aggrieved may repudiate the whole contract.' Norrington v. Wright, 115 U.S. --; S.C.. ante, 12. See, also, Filley v. Pope, 115 U.S. --; S.C.. ante, 19. And so, when a contract for the sale of goods is made by sample, it amounts to an undertaking on the part of the seller with the buyer that all the goods are similar, both in nature and quality, to those exhibited, and if they do not correspond the buyer may refuse to receive them; or, if received, he may return them in a reasonable time allowed for examination, and thus rescind the contract. Lorymer v. Smith, 1 Barn. & C. 1; Magee v. Billingsley, 3 Ala. 679.

The authorities cited sustain this proposition: that when a vendor sells goods of a specified quality, but not in existence or ascertained, and undertakes to ship them to a distant buyer, when made or ascertained, and delivers them to the carrier for the purchaser, the latter is not bound to accept them without examination. The mere delivery of the goods by the vendor to the carrier does not necessarily bind the vendee to accept them. On their arrival he has the right to inspect them to ascertain whether they conform to the contract, and the right to inspect implies the right to reject them if they are not of the quality required by the contract. The rulings of the circuit court were in accordance with these views.

We have been referred by the plaintiffs in error to the cases of Thornton v. Wynn, 12 Wheat. 184, and Lyon v. Bertram, 20 How. 149, to sustain the proposition that the defendant in error in this case could not rescind the contract and sue to recover back the price of the iron. But the cases are not in point. In the first, there was an absolute sale with warranty and delivery to the vendee of a specific chattel, namely, a race-horse; in the second, the sale was of a specified and designated lot of flour which the vendee had accepted, and part of which he had used, with ample means to ascertain whether or not it conformed to the contract.

The cases we have cited are conclusive against the contention of the plaintiffs in error. The jury has found that the iron was not of the quality which the contract required, and on that ground the defendant in error, at the first opportunity, rejected it, as he had a right to do. His suit to recover the price was, therefore, well brought.

Other errors are assigned, but, in our opinion, they present no ground for the reversal of the judgment, and do not require discussion. Judgment affirmed.

Sale of Goods-Implied Warranty and Right to Inspect.

Every person who sells goods of a certain denomination or description undertakes, as a part of his contract, that the article delivered shall correspond to the description, and is, in fact an article of the species, kind, and quality expressed in the contract of sale. Winsor v. Lombard, 18 Pick. 57. The purchaser has a right to rely upon the undertaking that the article is of the kind or quality ordered, and to presume it to be true that the article is the one or kind ordered. Bagley v. Cleveland Rolling-mill Co., 21 Fed. Rep. 159. See Clare v. Maynard, 7 Car. & P. 741; Cox v. Walker, Id. 744; Swett v. Patrick, 12 Me. 9; Ryerson v. Chapman, 66 Me. 557; Lewis v. Peake, 7 Taunt. 153. And where the goods or things sold are delivered to the vendee, and on inspection are found not to be of the quality the vendor agreed to furnish, vendee may refuse to accept, or accept and pay only real value. Correio v. Lynch, 3 Pac. Rep. 889. But he must act with due promptness in ascertaining whether the goods delivered are of the kind or quality called for in the contract. Singer v. Brockamp, 24 N. W. Rep. 189. Yet, where the character of the goods purchased is such that their quality cannot be determined by looking at and examining them, but by actual use only, the purchaser will be entitled to a reasonable time in which to test the goods delivered, and ascertain whether they are the kind ordered and sold; until this question is determined the retention of the goods does not amount to an acceptance thereof. Philadelphia Whiting Co. v. Detroit White Lead Works, 24 N. W. Rep. 881.

Where a vendor agrees to furnish an article of a particular quality, his position is the same as where the proposition to sell an article of that description comes from him in the first instance; and he is liable if the goods do not correspond to the description. Bagley v. Cleveland Rolling-mill Co., 21 Fed. Rep. 159; Dailey v. Green, 15 Pa. St. 118. And when an article is manufactured and sold for a particular purpose, a warranty will be implied that it is reasonably fit for that purpose. Cosgrove v. Burnett, 20 N. W. Rep. 359; Correio v. Lynch, 3 Pac. Rep. 889; Dawes v. Peebles, 6 Fed. Rep. 856; Murray v. Smith, 4 Daly, 277; Gerst v. Jones, 32 Grat. 524. See Jones v. Bright, 5 Bing. 533; Gray v. Cox, 4 Barn. & C. 108; Randall v. Newson, 2 Q. B. Div. 102. Thus, where a manufacturer of steel sells the same to the manufacturer of axes, there is an implied warranty that the steel is of the kind fit for axes, Park v. Morris Ax Co., 4 Lans. 103; or where he fills an order from a regular customer with an article inferior to the one asked for, he is liable on an implied warranty that the steel is of the kind and quality ordered. Bagley v. Cleveland Rolling-mill Co., 21 Fed. Rep. 159. In the case of Rodgers v. Niles, 11 Ohio St. 48, where the contract was to manufacture and furnish, for a specified price, three steam-boilers, to be used for a particular purpose, it was held to be an implied stipulation that the boilers should be fit and useful for the purpose for which made. See Street v. Chapman, 29 Ind. 142; Wilcox v. Owens, 64 Ga. 601; Gammell v. Gunby, 52 Ga. 504; Gerst v. Jones, 32 Grat. 518; Robson v. Miller, 12 S.C.. 586; Merrill v. Nightingale, 39 Wis. 247; Taylor v. Cole, 111 Mass. 363; Wolcott v. Mount, 38 N. J. Law, 496; Hanger v. Evins, 38 Ark. 334; White v. Miller, 71 N. Y. 118; Van Wyck v. Allen, 69 N. Y. 61; Howard v. Hoey, 23 Wend. 350; Bigelow v. Boxall, 38 U. C. Q. B. 452; Baker v. Lyman, Id. 498; Snelgrove v. Bruce, 16 U. C. C. P. 561; Macfarlane v. Taylor, 1 Scotch & Div. App. 245; Smith v. Baker, 42 Law J. (N. S.) 155; Robertson v. Amazon Tug Co., 7 Q. B. Div. 598; Wilson v. Dunville, 4 Ir. C. L. 249.