Pearce v. Rice/Opinion of the Court

Does the bank's judgment against Foote preclude inquiry in this suit, between the respective assignees of Foote and of Hooker & Co., as to whether the original claim of that firm against Foote, and Foote's transfer of the Couch notes to it with guaranty of payment, were void under the laws of Illinois?

The statute of Illinois referred to, being the part of the Criminal Code of that state relating to 'gambling and gambling contracts,' provides that 'whoever contracts to have or give to himself or another the option to sell or buy, at a future time, any grain or other commodity, stock of any railroad or other company, or gold, or forestalls the market by spreading false rumors to influence the price of commodities therein, or corners the market, or attempts so to do, in relation to any of such commodities, shall be fined not less than $10 nor more than $1,000, or confined in the county jail not exceeding one year, or both; and all contracts made in violation of this section shall be considered gambling contracts, and shall be void,' (section 130;) that 'all promises, notes, bills, bonds, covenants, contracts, agreements, judgments, mortgages, or other securities or conveyances made, given, granted, drawn, or entered into, or executed by any person whatsoever, where the whole or any part of the consideration thereof shall be for any money, property, or other valuable thing, won by any * *  * wager or bet upon any *  *  * chance *  *  * or unknown or contingent event whatever, or for the reimbursing or paying any money or property knowingly lent or advanced at the time and place of such *  *  * bet, to any person or persons so gaming or betting, *  *  * shall be void and of no effect,' (section 131;) that 'all judgments, mortgages, assurances, bonds, notes, bills, specialties, promises, covenants, agreements, and other acts, deeds, securities, or conveyances, given, granted, drawn, or executed, contrary to the provisions of this act, may be set aside and vacated by any court of equity, upon bill filed for that purpose, by the person so granting, giving, entering into, or executing the same, or by his executors or administrators, or by any creditor, heir, devisee, purchaser, or other person interested therein; or, if a judgment, the same may be set aside on motion of any person aforesaid, on due notice thereof given,' (section 135;) and that 'no assignment of any bill, note, bond, covenant, agreement, judgment, mortgage, or other security or conveyance as aforesaid, shall in any manner affect the defense of the person giving, granting, drawing, entering into, or executing the same, or the remedies of any person interested therein,' (section 136.) Rev. St. Ill. 1874, pp. 372, 373, c. 38.

The appellant invokes the general rule that a judgment is final and conclusive in any subsequent suit, between the same parties or their privies, as to all matters actually determined, or which were necessarily involved, in the first suit; also, the rule recognized in the courts of the United States, that equity will not, at the instance of one against whom a judgment at law has been rendered, restrain the operation or effect of that judgment, unless there be equitable circumstances justifying its interference, or unless such person was prevented by fraud or accident, unmixed with fault or negligence upon his part, from making full defense at law.

The courts of Illinois have not regarded these rules as strictly applicable in cases under the law relating to gaming and gambling contracts. In Mallett v. Butcher, 41 Ill. 382, 385, the supreme court of that state, construing the statute in question, held that all contracts having their origin in gaming were void, not voidable only, and that it was entirely immaterial when or how the fact was disclosed to the court; consequently, a suit in equity would lie to set aside a judgment at law on a note given for money lost in gaming with cards, where the obligor failed to make defense. The same question arose in West v. Carter, 129 Ill. 249, 253, 21 N. E. Rep. 782, which was also a suit in equity to set aside a judgment-obtained without a real defense being made upon a contract void under the gaming statute. It was there contended that sections 131 and 135 of the statute had no application to judgments except those rendered by confession; in other words, that those sections, in their application to judgments, affected only such as resulted from the voluntary act of the defendant. But the court refused to so restrict the operation of section 131. The judgments, promises, and instruments therein specified being void and of no effect, 'it is not,' said the court, 'in the power of the party to whom made, granted, given, or executed, or in whose interest they are drawn or entered into, to give the contract validity. Nor can the court, at the instance of such party, any more than it could by the confession or consent of the defendant, vitalize the contract, and by its judgment defeat the effectiveness of the proceeding in equity authorized by the 135th section of the statute to set aside the void contract. * *  * The rule in equity, that courts of chancery will not take jurisdiction when there is an adequate defense or remedy at law, must yield to the requirements of the statute, that relief may be granted in a court of equity to vacate and set aside judgments and contracts obtained in violation of this provision.'

These cases, in effect, decide that the judgments which the statute permits to be vacated, upon bill in equity or motion, embrace those on confession as well as those rendered upon default, or without a direct issue, fully and fairly tried, between proper parties. It is consistent with those cases to hold as upon any sound interpretation of the statute, and in obedience to the principles of equity obtaining in the courts of the United States, we must hold-that Foote's liability upon his guaranty of the Couch notes was, as between the bank and him, fixed by the judgment upon the direct issue in the suit at law, as to such liability, and which judgment has not been modified or reversed. Neither he nor Rice, claiming under an assignment executed after that judgment, could have it annulled by decree in a court of the United States, except upon some ground recognized in the courts of the United States as sufficient for the interference of equity.

Still, it is clear that the result for which the appellant contends does not follow. The two Couch notes were held by the bank only as collateral security for its claim against Hooker & Co. According to some adjudged cases, if the point had been made in the suit at law, the judgment against Foote would have been restricted to the real amount of the bank's claim. It is an undisputed fact that the amount due from Hooker & Co. to the bank at the date of its judgment against Foote, April 17, 1882, computing the interest at 10 per cent. per annum, was less than one-half of the sum for which it took judgment. The excess over the amount really due from Hooker & Co. did not, in any view, equitably belong to the bank, but, as between it and Pearce, to the latter. Its interest in Foote's guaranty was measured by the amount of the indebtedness of Hooker & Co. to it at the date of the judgment against Foote. If the bank had collected the entire amount of that judgment from Foote, it would have been bound to account to the assignee of Hooker & Co. for the balance remaining after its demand against that firm was satisfied; and this for the reason that it could not be deemed a bona fide holder for value except to the extent of its demand against Hooker & Co. Story, Prom. Notes, § 195; Mayo v. Moore, 28 Ill. 428; Williams v. Smith, 2 Hill, 301; Stoddard v. Kimball, 6 Cush. 469; Bank v. Chapin, 8 Metc. (Mass.) 40; Farwell v. Importers, etc., 90 N. Y. 483, 488; Allaire v. Hartshorne, 21 N. J. Law, 665; Maitland v. Bank, 40 Md. 540, 570; Bank v. Roberts, 45 Wis. 373, 379; Tarbell v. Sturtevant, 26 Vt. 513, 517; Valette v. Mason, 1 Smith, (Ind.) 89; Bank v. Werst, 52 Iowa, 684, 685, 3 N. W. Rep. 711; Bank v. Payne, 18 La. Ann. 222. All the bank can equitably claim in this suit is the amount due it from Hooker & Co., which was admitted and found to have been only $8,459 at the date of the decree in this case. And its substantial rights were not disturbed by the decree under review; for its judgment against Foote, which was only collateral security for that claim, was not set aside, but the payment of the above amount made a condition precedent to its surrender of the Couch notes, and the assignment of that judgment. Neither the bank nor Rice complains of the decree in that form.

So that the real question before us is as to the respective claims of the assignee of Hooker & Co. and the assignee of Foote to the possession of the Couch notes, and to the right of the appellant to enforce the judgment against Foote after the amount due the bank is paid. In determining these matters, must we assume, as between those assignees-neither having taken any greater rights than their assignors had-that the transfer of the Couch notes to Hooker & Co. by Foote, and the latter's guaranty of those notes, were valid contracts under the above statutes of Illinois? Did the judgment of the bank establish the validity of those contracts as between Foote and Hooker & Co.? These questions must receive a negative answer. Hooker & Co. were not parties to the action at law, and there was no issue in it between them and Foote. Within the law of estoppel, there was no privity between the bank and Hooker & Co.; certainly, none that entitled the latter to rely upon the bank's judgment as conclusively establishing their claim against Foote. Hooker & Co. had no right to control in any wise the proceedings in that suit. While liable to the bank upon their own note, they were not liable to it upon the Couch notes, or upon Foote's guaranty of them, for they simply deposited the notes thus guarantied with the bank as collateral security, without indorsing them. It is true they had a pecuniary interest in the bank's succeeding in its action against Foote; and it may be that the same facts that would constitute a good defense, under the statute, for Foote, if sued by Hooker & Co., would equally have protected him against liability to the bank upon that guaranty. But these circumstances do not show such privity between the bank and Hooker & Co. as to conclude Foote, the bank having been successful, or to have concluded Hooker & Co. if Foote had succeeded, in respect to matters in dispute between him and that firm. In no legal sense was Hooker & Co. represented in the action upon Foote's guaranty. If they had sued him upon his guaranty, and pending that action the Couch notes had been transferred to the bank with the guaranty of payment indorsed thereon, there would have been such privity between Hooker & Co. and the bank as, perhaps, to have made the judgment against Foote conclusive for, and a judgment in his favor conclusive against, both Hooker & Co. and the bank, in respect to the matters litigated; for, in the case supposed, Hooker & Co. would have been parties to the judgment, and the bank, although not a party, would have succeeded to the rights asserted by that firm after the institution of the suit, and from a party thereto. Orthwein v. Thomas, 127, Ill. 554, 571, 21 N. E. Rep. 430; 1 Greenl. Ev. §§ 523, 524. In respect to the two Couch notes in question, the issue is presented in this suit for the first time between Hooker & Co. and Foote as to whether the transfer and guaranty of those notes to that firm were upon such a consideration as rendered the transfer and guaranty void under the statute. The bank's judgment against Foote having inured, in equity, to its benefit only to the extent of its demand against Hooker & Co., neither he nor his assignee, nor any person interested, was estopped thereby from proving as against Hooker & Co. or their assignee the real nature of the transactions on the Chicago Board of Trade in which that firm represented Foote. Any other view would tend to defeat the manifest object for which the statute was enacted.

In respect to the character of the transactions resulting in the claim of Hooker & Co. against Foote for $22,165.72, which the latter settled by a transfer of the four Couch notes, with guaranty of their payment, but little need be said. What the evidence was upon this point in Jackson v. Foote, 12 Fed. Rep. 37, we are not informed, otherwise than by the opinion of the court in that case. But the evidence before us is overwhelming to the effect that the real object of the arrangement between Hooker & Co. and Foote was, not to contract for the actual delivery, in the future, of grain or other commodities,-which contracts would not have been illegal, (Pickering v. Cease, 79 Ill. 328, 330,)-but merely to speculate upon the rise and fall in prices, with an explicit understanding, from the outset, that the property apparently contracted for was not to be delivered, and that the transactions were to be closed only by the payment of the differences between the contract price and the market price at the time fixed for the execution of the contract. There was no material part of the claim of Hooker & Co. that was not based upon a palpable violation of the statute. The parties deliberately engaged in what is called 'gambling in differences.' It results that both the transfer and guaranty of the Couch notes to Hooker & Co. were void under the statute, and passed no title to them or to their assignee. It was so ruled by the supreme court of Illinois in Pearce v. Foote, 113 Ill. 228, (decided after Jackson v. Foote,) which was a suit by Pearce as assignee of Hooker & Co., on one of the four Couch notes transferred to that firm by Foote. See, also, Tenney v. Foote, 95 Ill. 99; Lyon v. Culbertson, 83 Ill. 33; Pickering v. Cease, 79 Ill. 328; Irwin v. Williar, 110 U.S. 499, 4 Sup. Ct. Rep. 160; Barnard v. Backhaus, 52 Wis. 593, 6 N. W. Rep. 252, and 9 N. W. Rep. 595; Love v. Hervey, 114 Mass. 80; Flagg v. Baldwin, 38 N. J. Eq. 219; Bigelow v. Benedict, 70 N. Y. 202.

It is contended, however, that under the pleadings, and the rules of practice adopted for the equity courts of the United States, no decree could properly have been rendered, except one dismissing the cross-bill of Rice. The bank filed a plea and answer together; the plea setting up the proceedings and judgment at law in bar of Rice's cross-suit, and saving to the bank the benefit thereof. Pearce, as assignee of Hooker & Co., filed an answer, the first part of which, as did the plea of the bank, set out the proceedings and judgment in the action at law upon Foote's guaranty, relying upon them in bar of Rice's cross-suit, and praying that he might have the same benefit as if he had pleaded them. To the plea and answer of the bank, and to the answer of Pearce, general replications were filed by Rice, whereby, it is insisted, Rice admitted the sufficiency in law of the matters pleaded in bar; and, as the facts relating to the action at law were proven, the cross-bill of Rice, it is contended, should have been dismissed, as of course.

In support of this contention, Hughes v. Blake, 6 Wheat. 453, 472, is cited. It was there said: 'The truth of the plea being thus made out, what is to be the consequence? If the rule of courts of equity in England is to be applied, there can be no doubt. If a plea, in the apprehension of the complainant, be good in matter, but not true in fact, he may reply to it, as has been done here, and proceed to examine witnesses in the same way as in case of a replication to an answer; but such a proceeding is always an admission of the sufficiency of the plea itself, as much so as if it had been set down for argument and allowed; and, if the facts relied on by the plea are proved, a dismission of the bill on the hearing is a matter of course.' That case was decided at February term, 1821, of this court. The rule there announced was undoubtedly in accordance with the long-established practice in courts of equity. Farley v. Kittson, 120 U.S. 303, 314, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 534; Story, Eq. Pl. § 697; 1 Daniell, Ch. Pr. 695; 1 Smith, Ch. Pr. 234; Mitf. Eq. Pl. 302, 303; Harris v. Ingledew, 3 P. Wms. 94. But, at the succeeding term, in 1822, of this court, rules of practice for the equity courts of the United States were adopted under the authority conferred by the act of May 8, 1792, (1 St. 275.) Rule 19 of that series provided: 'The plaintiff may set down the demurrer or plea to be argued, or he may take issue on the plea. If, upon an issue, the facts stated in the plea be determined for the defendant, they shall avail him as far as in law and equity they ought to avail him.' 7 Wheat. x. This subsequently became, and is now, equity rule 33. It clearly takes from the establishment of the plea the effect it had under the old law. When, by filing a replication, issue is taken upon a plea, the facts, if proven, will now avail the defendant only so far as in law and equity they ought to avail him. Under the existing rule the court may, upon final hearing, do, at least, what, under the old rule, might have been done when the benefit of a plea was saved to the hearing. 'When,' says Cooper, 'the benefit of the plea is saved to the hearing, the decision of the cause does not rest upon the truth of the matter of the plea; but the plaintiff may avoid it by other matter, which he is at liberty to adduce.' Coop. Eq. Pl. 233. See, also, Story, Eq. Pl. § 698; Mitf. Eq. Pl. 303; Hancock v. Carlton, 6 Gray, 39, 54. See, also, U.S. v. Road Co., 140 U.S. 616, 617, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 988.

So far as the bank is concerned, it obtained by the decree below all it was entitled to demand; for the conclusiveness of its judgment against Foote is recognized to the full extent of its actual interest in it, namely, the amount of its claim against Hooker & Co. for which the guarantied notes were held as collateral security. It has no cause to complain, and does not complain.

In respect to the assignee of Hooker & Co., he was not entitled to a dismissal of the cross-bill upon proof merely of the proceedings and judgment in the bank's suit against Foote, because, under the evidence in the cause, and for the reasons already given, that judgment did not estop Foote or his assignee from showing, as has been done, the illegal character of the transactions out of which arose the claim of Hooker & Co. against Foote, and the transfer by the latter of the Couch notes, with guaranty of payment. Consequently, the facts stated in the pleadings of Pearce as to the proceedings and judgment in the action against Foote, although established, cannot properly avail him in this suit. The court was at liberty to determine, under the pleadings and evidence, the relief to which the respective parties were entitled.

It is further contended that Rice, the assignee of Foote, was not one of those authorized by the statute to proceed by bill in equity or by motion to set aside or vacate a judgment, mortgage, assurance, bond, note, bill, specialty, covenant, agreement, act, deed, security, or conveyance given or executed in violation of the statute relating to gaming and gambling contracts. We think he was. The evidence shows that the assignment to him was in good faith, and for a valuable consideration. It is clear that he was a person interested in the object to be attained by the proceeding which the statute authorizes.

These views sustain the decree below, and it is affirmed.

Mr. Chief Justice FULLER and Mr. Justice GRAY did not hear the argument nor take part in the decision of this case.