Patterson v. Jenks/Opinion of the Court

THIS cause came up on a writ of error to the sixth cir cuit court of the United States for the district of Georgia. It was tried in Milledgeville at May term 1827. In the course of the trial, a number of questions were raised, on some of which, the judges, being divided in opinion, refused to give the jury the instruction prayed by the plaintiff; and a verdict and judgment were rendered for the defendants. The present writ of error was brought to reverse this judgment.

In the court below, the plaintiff, to sustain his case, gave in evidence a grant from the state of Georgia to Bazil Jones, for 7160 acres of land, in Franklin county, on the waters of the south fork of the Oconee river, since called the Appalachie, bearing date the 24th day of May 1787, and deduced his title to the disputed premises regularly from the grantee.

On the part of the defendants, it was contended that this grant was void.

1. Because the land attempted to be granted was without the temporary boundary line of the state, and within the Indian hunting ground.

2. Because the survey wanted the line and station trees required by law; the surveyor had omitted to note on his plat the beginning corner; had laid down the water courses inaccurately; and had been guilty, as was alleged, of various other acts of fraud, negligence, irregularity, or ignorance, in making and platting the survey, prior to the emanation of the grant.

Evidence was also given on behalf of the plaintiff, to establish the lines, and to prove the possession of the defendants within them.

The first exception stated, that the plaintiff gave evidence conducing to prove that the south fork of the Oconee river, known as the Appalachie, runs through the land described by the grant and plat aforesaid, under which the plaintiff derives title; and that all the lands within the said grant, which are in possession of the defendants in this action, are on the north and east side of the said south fork of the Oconee river, and within the territorial limits of the state of Georgia, as defined by Hawkins's line, which said line was run by Benjamin Hawkins, under the authority of the United States, to define the temporary boundary line between the state of Georgia and the Creek Indians: and that all the lands included within the aforesaid grant are situated on the waters of the said south fork of the Oconee river. And thereupon, the counsel for the plaintiff moved the court to instruct the jury, that the grant from the state of Georgia to Bazil Jones, under which the plaintiff derives title to 7160 acres of land in Franklin county, in the said state, was a legal and valid grant; which instruction the court, being divided in opinion, refused to give.

The second exception stated, that the counsel for the plaintiff also moved the court to instruct the jury, that, upon the aforesaid evidence, taking the same as true, the said tract of land, so granted to Bazil Jones, was, at the time of the survey and grant thereof, within the territorial limits of the state of Georgia, as ascertained by laws and treaties; within the limits of Franklin county, as by law defined; and not within the Indian boundary line; which instruction the court, being divided in opinion, refused to give.

The third exception stated, that the counsel for the plaintiff also moved the court to instruct the jury, that the said grant to Bazil Jones, under which plaintiff derived title, was a legal and valid grant, for all the lands exhibited on the plat as lying north and east of the south fork of the Oconee river, now called Appalachie, including all the waters of the same; which instruction, the court, being divided in opinion, refused to give.

The fourth exception stated, that the counsel for the plaintiff moved the court to instruct the jury, that the said grant to Bazil Jones, under which the plaintiff derives title, was a legal and valid grant, for all the lands exhibited on the plats as lying north and east of the south fork of the Oconee river, called Appalachie; which instruction, the said court, being divided in opinion, refused to give.

The fifth exception stated, that the plaintiff moreover gave evidence conducing to identify and prove certain corner trees, station trees, and lines, of the said tract of land, granted to Bazil Jones aforesaid, before described, and including all the lands on the north and east side of the south fork of the Oconee river, in the possession of the defendants. And thereupon, the counsel for the said plaintiff moved the court to instruct the jury, that neither the want of the line and station trees required by any law, nor the omission of the surveyor to note on his plat the beginning corner, nor any mistake in platting the water courses, nor any fraud, irregularity, negligence, or ignorance of the officers of government, prior to the issuing of the grant to Bazil Jones, under which the plaintiff derives title; did, or could, legally, affect the right of the plaintiff to recover; that the existence of the grant is, in itself, a sufficient ground to infer that every prerequisite has been performed; and that as to all irregularities, omissions, acts of fraud, negligence, or ignorance of the officers of government, prior to the emanation of the grant, the government of Georgia, and not the plaintiff claiming under her grant, must bear the consequences resulting from them; which instruction, the court, being divided in opinion, refused to give.

The sixth exception stated, that the plaintiff moreover gave evidence conducing to prove, that the title of Bazil Jones, the grantee of the said land, had been regularly and legally conveyed to the lessee of the plaintiff in this action, before the commencement thereof; and that all the lands in the possession of the defendants, and of each of them, at the time of the service of the process in this action, were within the lines described by the said grant to the said Bazil Jones, and were on the north and east side of the said south fork of the Oconee river. And, thereupon, the said counsel for the plaintiff moved the court to instruct the jury, that, upon the aforesaid evidence, if the jury believed the same, the plaintiff was, by law, entitled to recover the premises in dispute; which instruction the court, being divided in opinion, refused to give.

On the part of the plaintiff in error, also plaintiff in the original action, two points were made:

1. That the grant to Bazil Jones is a good and valid grant, in toto.

2. That, if not good for the whole it is so at least in part, including all the premises disputed in the present action.

To maintain these propositions, it was insisted,

1. That, at the time of the emanation of the grant to Bazil Jones, under which the plaintiff desires title, the lands lying on the south fork of the Oconee river, including all the waters of the same, were within the territorial limits of the state of Georgia, within the limits of Franklin county, as by law defined, and not within the temporary Indian boundary line; and that the said grant to Bazil Jones was, and is, a good and valid grant for all the lands exhibited on the plat as lying north and east of the south fork of the Oconee river, now called Appalachie, including all the waters of the same.

2. That a large part of the land embraced in the said grant lies north and east of the south fork of the Oconee river, now called Appalachie, being the branch designated by the United States commissioner, Hawkins, as the temporary Indian boundary line; and was, consequently, at the time of the issuing the said grant, within the acknowledged limits of the state of Georgia. As to so much of the said land, therefore, the grant is valid; and, since this comprehends all that was in possession of the defendants at the commencement of the present action, the plaintiff is entitled to recover.

3. That neither the want of the line and station trees required by any law, nor the omission of the surveyor to note on his plat the beginning corner, nor any mistake in his platting the water courses, nor any fraud, irregularity, negligence, or ignorance of the officers of government, prior to the issuing of the grant to Bazil Jones, under which the plaintiff derives title, did, or could, legally, affect the right of the plaintiff to recover; that the existence of the grant is, in itself, a sufficient ground to infer that every prerequisite has been performed; and that, as to all irregularities, omissions, acts of fraud, negligence, or ignorance of the officers of government, prior to the emanation of the grant, the government of Georgia, and not the plaintiff claiming under her grant, must bear the consequences resulting from them.

The case was argued by Mr Wilde and Mr Berrien for the plaintiff, and by Mr Haynes for the defendant.

For the plaintiff in error it was contended,

That the plaintiff having made out a regular title from the grantor, and the defendant being in possession of the land covered by the title, the only question was upon the validity of the grant; and the decision of this inquiry will depend upon which was the temporary boundary line between the state of Georgia and the Indian tribes in 1787, the grant having issued at that period?

A grant of lands, the Indian title to which has not been extinguished, is not void for that cause alone, independent of statutory regulations. 3 Johns. 365. 6 Cranch, 87.

This grant is not avoided by any statute of the state of Georgia, which can legally operate upon it. Statutes posterior to the emanation of this grant cannot affect it. If the grant issued legally, it created a vested right, which could not be divested. This grant is dated 24th of May 1787, and these principles dispose of all the acts of the legislature posterior to that date. The acts of 1780, Prince's Dig. 263, sect. 20, and 1783, Prince, 268, 5, are all retrospective in terms.

Penal statutes must be construed strictly; and of this kind is the act of 1787, Prince's Dig. 278, sect. 2, 3; and it applies to lands granted and surveyed at the date of the law. The plaintiff's survey was before; his grant was after the date of this act.

The third article of the treaty of August 1787, between the Creeks and the state of Georgia, Marbury vs. Crawford, Prince, 605, provides that a new line shall be drawn without delay between the present settlements in the said state, and the hunting grounds of the said Indians, to begin on Savannah river, where the present line strikes it, thence up the said river to a place on the most northern branch of the same, commonly called Keowee, where a north-east line to be drawn from the top of the Oconee mountain shall intersect; thence along the said line in a south west direction to the said mountain; thence in the same direction to Tugalo river, thence to the top of the Currohee mountain, thence to the head of the most southern branch of the Oconee river, including all the waters of the same; thence down the said river to the old line.

The same boundary is recognized in the 11th article of the Gulphinton treaty, C. & M. Digest, 508. The treaty of 1786, with the Creeks, declares that, 'the present temporary lines reserved to the Indians for their hunting grounds shall be agreeable to the treaties of Augusta and Gulphinton;' and it provides that the lines shall be marked as soon as the Indians can attend to see it done. C. & M. Dig. 619.

The land act of 1784, sect. 1, defines the lines of the Indian hunting ground in the terms of the treaty, and lays off two new counties, Franklin and Washington, C. & M. Dig. 330; and the 10th section of the act of 1785, C. & M. Dig. 336, shows the construction which the legislature put on the treaty.

The adoption of a waving boundary line, 'including all the waters,' is in conformity with the example and practice of the United States in her numerous Indian treaties.

The counsel referred to 4 art. Treaty with the Cherokees in 1785. Treaty with the same in 1791, 1807. 1 art. in the treaty with the Peoria tribe in 1819, with the Choctaws in 1805, with the Chickasaws in 1786, and other treaties.

All the land covered by the plaintiff's grant was, at the time of the execution of the survey, and the emanation of the grant, within the limits of the state of Georgia, and within the body of the county of Franklin; and if the same was subsequently retroceded to the 263. 268. 275. 278. would not divest the vested rights of the grantee. Its utmost effect would be to subject the title in fee to the Indian title of occupancy, and the former would cease to be incumbered whenever the latter should be removed.

If further proof were necessary to show that the lands on the waters of the south fork of the Oconee left out by the line of 1798, were within the limits of the state of Georgia, and had been ceded by the Indians and granted by the state; that proof is supplied by an express recognition of the fact by the joint act of Georgia and the United States. Articles of agreement or cession in 1802. 4 article, Prince's Ab. 527.

As to the proposition, that part of the land in the grant is within the Indian boundary and void, and that consequently the whole grant is void: the decision of this Court in Danforth vs. Wear, 9 Wheaton, 673, establishes a contrary doctrine, and is conclusive in favour of the plaintiff in error on this point.

For the defendants in error, Mr Haynes maintained:

1. That the grant to Bazil Jones was void, and that no title under it could be valid; the survey and grant lying beyond the temporary boundary line of the state of Georgia; and that all surveys and grants located on the Indian hunting ground, beyond the then temporary boundary line of the state, were prohibited by the statute laws of Georgia, and declared to be null and void, and inhibited from going to the jury as evidence.

2. That the warrant, survey and grant purported to be for land stated to be in the county of Franklin, and the land embraced in the survey extended across the western line of the county of Franklin; and all surveys and grants, not lying in same county, not laid out, are by law declared to be null and void.

3. That if the expression, 'waters of the south fork of the Oconee river,' contained in the plat, mean the south fork of the Oconee itself, or the Appalachie river, the grant is void on its face; as the survey and grant are in direct violation of the statutes of the state.

4. That waters of the south fork of the Oconee river 'do not mean the south fork of the Oconee itself, or Appalachie, but only tributary streams of that river; and that the survey and grant are void, for the suppression of the fact that one of the streams marked in the plat, was the south fork of the Oconee or Appalachie, and for the suggestion of the falsehood that the land lay within the county of Franklin when in truth a great part of it lay without that county. By this suppression of truth, and suggestion of falsehood, the state was deceived; and by the fraudulent deception practised by the grantee, the survey and grant are void in law; and particularly so in this case, as the grantee, Bazil Jones, was the surveyor who committed the fraud on the state for his own benefit.

In support of the first point, the treaties with the Indians, and the construction given to them by the legislature of Georgia, were relied upon. The treaty of Augusta in 1783, Marbury & Crawford's Digest, 604, 605, calls for 'the most southern branch of the Oconee river;' and the act of the legislature of Georgia, in defining the line of the state, adopts the same language. Prince's Dig. 270.

An enlarged construction of the treaty was attempted, but this was not authorised by the legislature, when defining the boundaries of the county of Franklin; the act declaring the boundaries to be 'the most southern stream of the Oconee river.'

This definition of boundary is referred to in subsequent treaties, and the terms of description in those treaties are retained. M. & C. Dig. 607.

Georgia has always, both in her treaties with the Indians and in her legislative enactments, respected this boundary line; as well from a sense of justice to the Indians, as from a regard for her own dignity; and she has never admitted that the temporary boundary extended west of 'the south fork of the Oconee.'

A particular examination of the treaties with the Indians will show conclusively, that 'the south fork of the Oconee,' mentioned in the treaties of 1783, is Appalachie river, as known in the laws, and to the citizens of Georgia. M. & C. 619. Watkins's Dig. 364. Prince's Dig. 263. 268. 275. 278. 304. Watkins, 363. 551. These treaties and statutes of the state, show beyond controversy, that the grants within the boundary of the Indian lands were void.

Upon the second point it was urged, that the act of 1784, passed soon after the treaty of 1783, made at Augusta, made the grants beyond the line of Franklin county, established by that law, absolutely void. Prince's Dig. 270.

The warrant calls for land in the county of Franklin, and the survey says the land does lie there; and the grant is issued accordingly. Taking the Appalachie as the western boundary of the county, the land does not lie within the county. The surveyor who stated the fact to be otherwise, committed a deception on the state.

By the laws of Georgia, a grant of land not in the counties laid out by the state is void. Such grants are to be declared null and void. Prince, 263. 271. 275. 278.

The third proposition of the defendant in error was considered as established by the treaties and statutes referred to; and in maintaining the fourth, it was urged by the counsel, that the representation of Bazil Jones, in returning the survey, was an intended deception on the state, and no title to the land could be derived through the same. Cited 7 ''Bac. Ab.'' 64. 4. 4 ''Com. Dig.'' 307, 308. 2 Coke's Rep. 33. 2 Wilson's Rep. 347. 10 Johns. 23. 9 Cranch, 99. 101. 10 Johns. 23. 5 Wheaton, 293. 1 Wheaton, 115. 155.

In answer to the claim of the plaintiff in error, that the grant was good for that part of the land which was admitted to lie within the county of Franklin, although it might be void as to the part beyond the same; the counsel for the defendants contended, that the law is fully settled, that an instrument void in part is void altogether. Cited 1 Plowd. 54. 3 Taunton, 226. ''Cro. James'', 34. 3 Coke's Rep. 77. 14 Johns. 454. 458. 4 ''Com. Dig.'' 307. 1 Co. Rep. 26. 11 Co. Rep. 89. 9 Wheaton, 673.

The attempt to obtain relief from the weight of these authorities, by urging, that while acts prohibited by statute vitiate all proceedings connected with them, the same principle does not extend to an act contrary to the common law, is opposed by authorities; and if this were not so, the grant to Bazil Jones is prohibited by express statute. Act of 1778. M. & C. 401.

These acts were not ex post facto, upon the authority of Calder vs. Bull, 3 Dall. 386.

When an act is declared void, either by statute or common law, it is considered not to have had any legal existence; nor can it be set up and made valid in the hands of any third person. 2 Bl. Com. 63. Douglass, 736.

Mr Chief Justice MARSHALL delivered the opinion of the Court.

This is a writ of error to a judgment rendered in the court of the United States for the sixth circuit and district of Georgia, in a case in which the plaintiff in error was plaintiff in ejectment. The plaintiff derived title from a grant dated in May 1787, which was issued by the governor of Georgia to Bazil Jones. At the trial, the counsel for the plaintiff moved the court to instruct the jury on several points, on all which the judges were divided; and therefore the instructions were refused, to which refusal exceptions were taken. The verdict and judgment were rendered in favour of the defendants; and the plaintiff has sued out this writ of error, by which the record is removed into this Court. The opinions refused by the court, and the exceptions taken by counsel, will be severally considered.

The first is in these words.

The plaintiff moreover gave evidence conducing to prove, that the south fork of the Oconee river, known as the Appalachie, runs through the land described by the grant and plat aforesaid, under which the plaintiff derives title; and that all the lands within the said grant, which are in possession of the defendants in this action, are on the north and east side of the said south fork of the Oconee river, and within the territorial limits of the state of Georgia, as defined by Hawkins's line, which said line was run by Benjamin Hawkins, under the authority of the United States, to define the temporary boundary line between the state of Georgia and the Creek Indians: and that all the lands included within the aforesaid grant are situated on the waters of the said south fork of the Oconee river. And thereupon, the counsel for the said plaintiff moved the court to instruct the jury, that the grant from the state of Georgia to Bazil Jones, under which the plaintiff derives title to 7160 acres of land in Franklin county, in said state, was a legal and valid grant; which instruction the court, being divided in opinion, refused to give.

This prayer is expressed in such terms that the court could not with propriety have granted it without explanation; whatever opinion on the law of the case might have been entertained. Without stating a single fact, or placing the prayer on the belief of the jury that the evidence proved any fact, the court is asked to say positively, that the grant to Bazil Jones is legal and valid. Undoubtedly the presumption is in favour of the validity of every grant issued in the forms prescribed by law; and it is incumbent on him who controverts it, to support his objections. The whole burthen of proof lies on him; but if his objections depend on facts, those facts must be submitted to a jury. If opposing testimony be produced, that testimony also must be laid before the jury; and the court may declare the law on the fact, but cannot declare it on the testimony. In this case, the prayer states that the plaintiff offered testimony conducing to prove certain facts which were deemed essential to the validity of the grant, and asked the court to say, not that if the testimony was believed, or if those facts were proved, the grant was valid, but positively that the grant was valid. The court did not err in refusing to give this instruction.

The second exception states that the counsel for the plaintiff also moved the court to instruct the jury, that, upon the aforesaid evidence, taking the same as true, the said tract of land, so granted to Bazil Jones, was, at the time of the survey and grant thereof, within the territorial limits of the state of Georgia as ascertained by laws and treaties, within the limits of Franklin county as by law defined, and not within the Indian boundary line; which instruction, the court, being divided in opinion, refused to give.

This prayer is made on the admission of the testimony stated in the first, and on its sufficiency to prove that the tract of land granted to Bazil Jones was situated on the land in controversy lay on the north and east side of that fork, and within the territorial limits of the state of Georgia, as defined by the line run by Benjamin Hawkins, under the authority of the United States, to define the temporary boundary line between the state of Georgia and the Creek Indians.

From these facts the court is asked to draw the conclusion that the tract of land was, at the time of the survey and grant thereof, within the territorial limits of the state of Georgia, and within the limits of Franklin county, as by law defined; and not within the Indian boundary line.

This prayer requires the court to say what was the boundary between that part of the state of Georgia, to which its jurisdiction was extended, and the Indians; and also what were the limits of Franklin county. As it requires an instruction respecting the whole tract, the court was bound to inquire whether the whole tract was within those limits. To ascertain these boundaries, the laws of Georgia, and the treaties of that state with the Creek and Cherokee Indians, must be examined.

On the 31st day of May, in the year 1783, a treaty was made at Augusta, between the state of Georgia and the Cherokee Indians, describing the line which should thereafter separate the settlements of the whites from the hunting grounds of the Indians. This line commences on the Savannah river, and is of no importance in this case until it reaches the top of the Currohee mountain. It is to proceed 'thence to the head or source of the most southern branch of the Oconee river including all the waters of the same, and thence down the middle of the said branch to the Creek line.'

On the first day of November in the same year, the state of Georgia formed a treaty with the Creek Indians, for the purpose of drawing the line between the settlements of the whites and the hunting grounds of the Indians. This line also commences on the Savannah river, and runs as described in the treaty to the top of the Currohee mountain. It proceeds 'thence to the head or source of the most southern branch of the Oconee river, including all the waters of the same, thence down the said river to the old line.'

A subsequent treaty was held with the Creeks on the 12th of November 1785, at Galphinton. The 4th article of this treaty declares, that 'the present temporary line reserved to the Indians for their hunting ground, shall be agreeable to the treaty held at Augusta in the year 1783.

On the 28th of November 1785, the commissioners of the United States, held a treaty with the Cherokees at Hopewell; in which it was agreed that the boundary line should run from the top of the Currohee mountain 'to the head of the south fork of Oconee river.'

The treaty at Shoulder-bone, concluded in the year 1786, confirmed the line as established in the treaties of Augusta and of Galphinton. All the treaties between Georgia and the Indians, stipulate that the lines shall be marked as soon as possible; but it does not appear that they were ever marked. A treaty was afterwards entered into at New York, between the United States and Creek Indians, on the 7th day of August in the year 1790, which fixes the boundary line from the top of the Currohee mountain, 'to the head or source of the main south branch of the Oconee river, called the Appalachie, thence down the middle of the said south branch to its confluence with the Oakmulgee.'

In pursuance of this treaty the line from the Currohee mountain to the head or source of the main south branch of the river Oconee, was run by Benjamin Hawkins.

Some ambiguity undoubtedly exists in the treaty made with the Creeks at Augusta, which, in a contest between Georgia and the Creeks, might claim a construction favourable to the pretension of the less powerful and less intelligent or skilful party to the compact. But in a controversy in which both parties claim title under the state of Georgia, it would seem reasonable to give the article that construction which Georgia herself has put upon it, provided it be reconcileable to the words. The line is to run 'to the source of the most southern branch of the Oconee river, including all the waters of the same.' The source of the most southern branch is the source of the main stream of that branch. It is a point to which the line is to be run from the top of the Currohee mountain. This line, if the treaty gave no directions respecting its course, would be a straight line. But the treaty directs it to be so run as 'to include all the waters of the same;' that is, 'all the waters' of the most southern branch. The line must therefore be drawn from the one given point to the other, in such direction as to include all the waters of the most southern branch of the Oconee. It must therefore, instead of being straight, pass round the sources of all those streams which empty into the south fork on its northern side, and are between the points of commencement and of termination. But it is obvious that no line from the top of the Currohee mountain to the source of the most southern branch of the Oconee river, can include the waters which empty into it on the southern side.

To obviate this difficulty, the defendants insist that the line shall pass round the main branch of the south fork of the Oconee to the source of the lowest stream which empties into it on the south side, and proceed down that stream.

This line would include all the waters of the south fork, but is attended with other difficulties of no inconsiderable magnitude. The words of the treaty seem to require that the line should stop at the source of the main stream, not at the source of an inconsiderable rivulet. From this source the line is to proceed down the river. It is reasonable to suppose that it proceeds down the river from the source of the river, not from the source of a small branch. It is to include all the waters, that is all the tributary streams of that at whose source it stops. But this construction requires it to stop at the source of a stream, which is itself tributary to the very river which is spoken of as one of its waters.

If this construction be admitted, and the source of the lowest stream on the south side be substituted for the source of the main stream, still the line must run down that lowest water course to the south fork, and down the south fork to the old line. The case does not inform us, that even this line would include the whole tract granted to Bazil Jones. That tract is stated to lie on the waters of the south fork, but not on the Georgia side of the most extreme of those waters. So much of it as may be situated on the Indian side of that water course, would be within the Indian hunting grounds.

The treaty made with the Cherokees at Augusta on the 1st day of June 1783, is apparently intended to establish the same line which was afterwards adopted in the treaty with the Creeks. The only variance in the language is that in the treaty with the Cherokees, the line from the source of the southern branch of the Oconee river, is to run 'down the middle of the said branch;' in the treaty with the Creeks, it is to run 'down the river.' It is not probable that different lines could have been intended.

If the state of Georgia has construed this treaty by any subsequent acts manifesting her understanding of it, we should not hesitate to adopt that construction in this case. But the bill of exceptions contains no fact, showing that Georgia has adopted a construction of her treaties with the Indians, which would establish the boundary claimed by the plaintiff. On the contrary, in February 1787, an act was passed 'for the appointment of commissioners to run the line designating the Indian hunting grounds.' This act directs the commissioners to proceed in conjunction with those to be appointed by the Creek nation, to trace and mark 'the temporary boundary line, as heretofore established; that is to say, from the Currohee mountain, in the direction of the present temporary line from Zugalo river, till the same shall strike the head or source of the main direct stream of the south branch of Oconee river, called also Appalachie, by which is to be understood the main fork of Oconee river, next above Little river.'

This act seems to reject all claim, on the part of Georgia, to lands lying south of the main stream of the south branch of Oconee, and to adopt the construction of the treaties at Augusta, which appears to have been adopted by the commissioners of the United States, at the treaty at Hopewell, in 1785.

The prayer we are considering, also requested the court to instruct the jury that the tract of land granted to Bazil Jones was within the limits of Franklin county as by law defined.

In February 1784, the legislature passed an act for laying off two more counties to the westward. One of these was the county of Franklin.

The first section declares, 'that the present temporary line, circumscribing the Indian hunting ground, shall be marked by a line drawn from that part of the north branch of Savannah river, known by the name of the Owee, which shall be intersected by a line north east from the Oconee mountains; thence in the same direction to Zugalo river; from thence in a direct line to the top of Currohee mountain; thence to the head or source of the most southern stream of the Oconee river, including all the waters of the same; thence down the said river to the old line, thence along the old line.'

The only difference between this legislative description of the line, circumscribing the Indian hunting ground, and that in the treaty, is in the substitution of the word 'stream,' for the word 'branch.' In the treaty, 'the branch,' and in the law, 'the stream,' appear to be considered as 'the river.' The line is to run from its source 'down the said river.' This language would seem to indicate, that a considerable, or main branch, or stream; one which had acquired the name of river; not a small rivulet, was in the mind of the legislature. The line which runs to it from the top of the Currohee mountain is subject to all the uncertainty which attends the same line, as described in the treaty of Augusta.

The 2d section of the act proceeds to define the exterior lines of the county of Franklin. They run from the Savannah river to the south branch of the Oconee river; thence, up the said river, to the head or source of the most southern stream thereof; thence along the temporary line, separating the Indian hunting ground, to the northern branch of the Savannah, &c.

The southern boundary of Franklin county, from the place where the line from the Savannah strikes the most southern branch of the Oconee river, is up that river to the head or source of the most southern stream thereof. You find the head or source of this most southern stream, by proceeding up the river.

It may well be doubted whether this description will admit of leaving the river for any of its small rivulets. The words, the most southern stream of the south branch of the Oconee, whose source is to be found by proceeding up the river, may be satisfied, either by pursuing the most southern stream which has acquired the name of river, or the most southern stream which empties into the river. It can scarcely be imagined that Georgia has not settled practically the limits of Franklin county; and any such settlement ought to have been conclusive with the circuit court. But no such settlement is stated in the record, and the court is required to say, in what manner its boundary lines are to be drawn, in pursuance of the act of assembly by which it was constituted. The court is relieved from the difficulty by the same circumstance which made it unnecessary to determine the line which circumscribed the Indian hunting grounds. The statement of fact on which the opinion of the court is asked, does not affirm that the land lies on the northern, or Georgia side of the most southern stream, but that it lies on the waters of the south branch of the Oconee river. For this reason this instruction ought not to have been given as asked.

The third exception states, that the said counsel for the plaintiff also moved the court to instruct the jury, that the said grant to Bazil Jones, under which plaintiff derived title, was a legal and valid grant, for all the lands exhibited on the plat as lying north and east of the south fork of the Oconee river, now called Appalachie, including all the waters of the same; which instruction, the court, being divided in opinion, refused to give.

The court understands the words, 'including all the waters of the same,' to mean waters north and east of the south fork of the Oconee river. This application, like the second, is supposed to be made on the assumption that the facts stated in the first are true. If they are, then all the land contained in the patent, lying north and east of the south branch of Oconee, is on the Georgia side of the line circumscribing the Indian hunting ground, and within the county of Franklin, as described by law. The application supposed to be made to the court, is to instruct the jury that the grant is good for so much land as lies within the county of Franklin, although part of the tract may be without that county and within the Indian boundary. The counsel for the defendants insist that, under the laws of Georgia, the whole patent is void, if any part of the land it purports to grant be within the Indian boundary. The counsel for the plaintiff contend that the laws, so far as they have declared patents to be void, are entirely retrospective; and that prospectively, they only inflict penalties on persons who shall make surveys in contravention of the statute.

In January 1780, an act was passed 'for the more speedy and effectual settling of this state.' The 19th section enacts, 'that no warrant, survey or plat, made or laid out in the lands yet within the lines of the Indians, shall be held valid, and the same is hereby declared null and void to all intents and purposes whatever; nor shall any grant which may hereafter be surreptitiously obtained, be deemed legal or of any effect.'

We do not think the language of this section entirely retrospective. The words 'made or laid out,' may apply to the future as well as the past, and comprehend warrants and surveys which shall be, as well as those which have been, made or laid out in the lands yet within the lines of the Indians.

In February 1783, Georgia passed an act for opening her land office. The 11th section of this as is retrospective so far as it annuls surveys and grants. Its prospective provisions only inflict penalties on the persons who shall make surveys or attempt to obtain a grant. But the 13th section, after describing the limits of the state, provides, 'that nothing herein before contained shall extend, or be construed to extend, to authorize or empower any surveyor, or other person or persons whatsoever, to survey, run, or make lines upon the lands, before described as being allowed to the Indians for hunting ground, or any part or parcel thereof, before or until permission for that purpose shall be granted by the legislature and made known by proclamation.'

In consequence of this proviso, the land office could not be considered as opened for lands within the Indian boundary.

The 5th section of the act of 1785, which has been relied on, is retrospective.

The act of February 1787, for the appointment of commissioners to run the line designating the Indian hunting ground, inflicts additional penalties on those who shall thereafter survey or cause to be surveyed, or obtain grants for any lands beyond the temporary line designating the Indian hunting ground. The 3d section is in these words, 'whereas, notwithstanding the most positive laws to the contrary, many persons, from design or accident, have run large quantities of land and obtained grants for the same, southward of the present temporary line between the good citizens of this state and the lndians, and expect to hold the same when a cession of said land can be obtained. Be it therefore enacted, that the surveys or grants for such land be considered, and they are hereby declared to be null and void, and of no effect whatever.'

This enactment is undoubtedly retrospective. It manifests, however, unequivocally the opinion of the legislature, that all the surveys and grants which are declared void, had been made and issued contrary to the most positive laws. However these laws may be construed, it is, we think, obvious, that the office was not opened for lands situated within the Indian hunting grounds, and that grants for them were not authorized.

But is the whole grant a nullity because it contains some land not grantable?

In the nature of the thing, we perceive no reason why the grant should not be good for land which it might lawfully pass, and void as to that part of the tract for the granting of which the office had not been opened. It is every day's practice to make grants for lands, which have in fact been granted to others. It has never been suggested that the whole grant is void because a part of the land was not grantable.

The act of February 1807, after stating 'that many persons had run large quantities of land, and obtained grants for the same southward of the present temporary line between the good citizens of this state and the Indians,' enacts 'that the surveys or grants for such lands shall be considered null and void;' and the survey in this case was made in September 1786.

This enactment might with as much propriety be construed to apply to those surveys only, which were made entirely within the Indian boundary, as to that part of a survey which lies on the Georgia side of that boundary. Neither construction would probably pursue the real intent of the legislature. Georgia was willing to grant all the lands as far as the Indian boundary, but unwilling to pass that line. The sole object of the enactment, was to restrain her citizens from passing it, by making void all surveys and grants of lands beyond it. It is therefore a reasonable construction of the act, to consider it as applying to surveys and grants, so far only as they were contrary to law. There is a plain difference between a grant comprehending lands which may, with lands which may not be granted, and one made on a fraudulent misrepresentation or illegal consideration which extends to, and vitiates the whole instrument. Understanding this prayer as involving the validity of the grant, so far only as respects its extending in part into the Indian country, we think it ought to have been granted.

The 4th prayer, if not a repetition of the 3d, varies from it only by omitting the words 'including all the waters of the same;' consequently, the opinion which has been expressed on the third, is applicable to this.

The principle that a patent conveying lands lying partly within and partly without the territory retained by the Indians, was void as to so much as lay within it and valid for the residue, was settled by this court in the case of Darnforth vs. Wear(a). That decision was made on a patent depending on the statutes of North Carolina, which contain prohibitions at least as strong as those of Georgia.

The 5th prayer states, that the plaintiff moreover gave evidence conducing to identify and prove certain corner trees, station trees, and lines, of the said tract of land, granted to Bazil Jones aforesaid, before described, and including all the lands on the north and east side of the south fork of the Oconee river, in the possession of the defendants. And thereupon, the counsel for the said plaintiff moved the court to instruct the jury, that neither the want of the line and station trees required by any law, nor the omission of the surveyor to note on his plat the beginning corner, nor any mistake in platting the water courses, nor any fraud, irregularity, negligence, or ignorance of the officers of government, prior to the issuing of the grant to Bazil Jones, under which the plaintiff derives title, did, or could, legally affect the right of the plaintiff to recover; that the existence of the grant is, in itself, a sufficient ground to infer that every prerequisite has been performed; and that as to all irregularities, omissions, acts of fraud, negligence, or ignorance of the officers of government, prior to the emanation of the grant, the government of Georgia, and not the plaintiff claiming under her grant, must bear the consequences resulting from them; which instruction, the court, being divided in opinion, refused to give.

This prayer is, in some of its parts, unexceptionable. In others, it is expressed in such vague and general terms, as to make it unsafe for any court to grant it. In the case of Polk's lessee vs. Wendle(b), this court decided that a grant raises a presumption that every prerequisite has been performed; consequently, that no negligence or omission of the officers of government anterior to its emanation can affect it. The part of the prayer which respects the defects supposed to be in the plat, speaks of the want of the line and station trees required by any law, without specifying the laws alluded to, and the omission of the surveyor to note on his plat the beginning, and of any mistake in platting the water courses.

The act for opening the land office contains no particular rules respecting plats; and the act which requires surveyors to note the beginning corner of their surveys, passed in December 1789, long after the emanation of this patent. It would seem that the officer by whom the patent was issued, was the proper judge of all things apparent on the face of the plat, and that the patent itself presupposes that the plat was sufficient in law as to those requisites of which he could judge by inspection. This part of the instruction might have been given. But it is connected with a request that the court would instruct the jury that no fraud on the part of the officers of government could affect the plaintiff's title. It is not easy to perceive the extent of this instruction; and it could not, we think, have been safely given.

The 6th exception states, that the said plaintiff moreover gave evidence conducing to prove that the title of Bazil Jones, the grantee of the said land, had been regularly and legally conveyed to the lessor of the plaintiff in this action, before the commencement thereof; and that all the lands in the possession of the defendants, and of each of them, at the time of the service of the process in this action, were within the lines described by the said grant to the said Bazil Jones, and were on the north and east side of the said south fork of the Oconee river. And thereupon, the said counsel for the plaintiff moved the court to instruct the jury, that, upon the aforesaid evidence, if the jury believed the same, the plaintiff was, by law, entitled to recover the premises in dispute; which instruction, the court, being divided in opinion, refused to give.

This prayer states more explicitly the facts contained in the 3d and 4th, and is understood to come completely within the opinion of the court on them.

It is the opinion of this court that the circuit court erred in not instructing the jury that the grant under which the plaintiff made title was valid as to the lands in possession of the defendants; and that for refusing to give this instruction the judgment of the said circuit court ought to be reversed and the cause remanded, that a venire facias de novo may be awarded.