Pattee Plow Company v. Kingman/Opinion of the Court

This is an appeal from a decree of the circuit court of the United States for the Eastern district of Missouri, dismissing appellant's bill of complaint. The bill charges appellees with infringement of the second claim of reissue letters patent No. 6,080, dated October 6, 1874, which is a reissue of original patent No. 124,218, to J. H. Pattee, dated March 5, 1872; of the first and second claims of original patent No. 174,684, granted Thomas W. Kendall, March 14, 1876; and of original patent No. 187,899, granted Henry H. Pattee, February 27, 1877,-all for improvements in cultivators. Appellee is an Illinois corporation, having a branch house in St. Louis, selling, among other things, cultivators manufactured by B. D. Buford & Co., at Rock Island, Ill., which are the alleged infringing machines. The opinion of the circuit court was as follows: 'Reissued patent 6,080, of 1874, second claim of which is under consideration, has, as to that claim, expanded the original beyond legal limits. Therefore said reissued patent is void to the extent claimed, wherein the defendant is alleged to have infringed. Second, as to the Kendall patent No. 174,684, there is no infringement. Third, as to the Pattee patent of 1877, No. 187,899, said patent is void; there being no novelty of invention therein that is patentable.' 23 Fed. Rep. 801.

The second specification of the original Pattee patent, No. 124,218, states that the invention consists 'in pivoting the wheels to the axle in such manner that the wheels may either one be advanced forward of the other, throwing the axle diagonal with the line of progression, while the wheels preserve the same relative position to the line of progression.' The second specification of the reissue reads as follows: 'It consists in hinging the ends of the axle to plates, to which the draught animals are attached, and which are supported on wheels in such manner that the wheels are retained in the line of progression of the machine by the draught of the animals, and may either one be advanced forward of the other, throwing the axle diagonal with the line of progression, while the wheels preserve the same relative position to the said line of progression.' The fourth specification of the original is: 'It consists in the peculiar construction of the hitching device, allowing the draught animals to advance or recede, the one ahead or in the rear of the other, without influencing the plowbeams to the extent of the variation made by the said animals, all as hereinafter fully described.' The sixth specification of the reissue is: 'It consists in the arrangement of a hitching device with the draught-plates, which allow the draught animals to advance or recede, the one ahead or in near of the other, without influencing the plow-beams to the extent of the variation made by the said animals, all as hereinafter fully described.' The description of the accompanying drawings is given in the original and in the reissue, thus:

Original.

'A is the axle, bowed or elevated at its central part. B, B,     are plates secured to the ends of the axle, A. The ends of      the plates, B, B, are turned outward, forming snugs, b, b, b,      b, b 1      C, C, are triangular shaped draught-plates, from which      project snugs, c, c, c, c, corresponding with the snugs, b,      b, b, b. D, D, are pins or bolts, passing through holes in the snugs, c, c, and b, b, and thereby     pivoting the plates, C, C, to the axle, A. E, E, are the      wheels. F, F, are the wheel-spindles, their inner ends     shouldered, threaded, and secured in slots, e, e, in the      lower ends of the plates, C, C, by nuts, f. f. G, G, are     eveners, pivoted near their centers in the forward ends of      the plates, C, C. H, H, are bars, their forward ends pivoted      to the inner ends of the eveners, G, G, and their rearward      ends nivoted to the snugs, b1, b1, I, I, are hooks on the      outer ends of the eveners, G, G, to which the draught animals      are attached.'Reissue''.

'A represents the axle, formed as shown in the drawings, of     an elevated central part, A, vertical side portions, A1, A1,      and horizontal projections, a, a, from each of the vertical      side portions, A1. B, B, are draught-plates, with projecting     forward ends, b, to which the draught animals may be attached      direct or by any suitable device, and with an enlarged rear      end, from which project lugs, b 1      projections, a, a, of the axle, A, to which they are hinged      by vertical bolts, C, as plainly shown in the drawings. D, D,     are the supporting wheels. E, E, are the wheel-spindles,     their inner ends shouldered, threaded, and secured in slots,      e, in the lower ends of the plates, B, by nuts, e1. G, G,     are eveners, pivoted near their centers in the forward ends      of the plates, B. H, H, are bars, their forward ends pivoted      to the inner ends of the eveners, G, G, and their rearward      ends pivoted to Jugs, a 1      vertical parts, A1, of the axle. I, I, are hooks on the outer     ends of the eveners, G, G, to which the draught animals are      attached.'

From this on, the original and reissue specifications are substantially alike, the description of Fig. 1 of the reissue closing with the words: 'It will be evident that the draught-plates, B, support and give direction to the course of the wheels, while the wheels in turn serve to support them.' The first claim of the original is for 'the axle, A, having plates, B, hinged to the wheel-spindle plates, C, so that the wheels are retained in the line of progression when one is in advance of the other, as set forth.' The second claim of the reissue is for 'the axle, A, hinged to the wheel-spindle or draught-plates, B, B, so that the wheels are retained in the line of progression by the draught of the animals, when one is in advance of the other, substantially as described and for the purpose specified.' The third claim of the original is: 'The evener-bars, G, G, and bars, H, H, when combined and arranged to operate with the hinged axle, A, plates, C, and wheels, E, E, substantially as and for the purpose specified.' And the sixth claim of the reissue: 'The evener-bars, G, and bars, H, combined and arranged to operate with the hinged axle, A, plates, B, and wheels, D, substantially as and for the purpose specified.' That purpose is stated in the second claim to be the retaining of the wheels 'in the line of progression by the draught of the animals, when one is in advance of the other,' and, as this purpose can only be accomplished by the aid of the evener-bars, G, G, and bars, H, H,-that is, not by the combination of the second claim alone, but only by carring into it the eveners and bars of the sixth claim,-it follows that the latter must be brought into the former by intendment. In the original patent the mode of attachment of the team to the cultivator is stated to be by the hooks, I, I, 'on the outer ends of the eveners, G, G, to which the draught animals are attached,' while the reissue patent contains these words: 'B, B, are draught-plates, with projecting forward ends, b, to which the draught animals may be attached direct, or by any suitable device.' An examination of the machine discloses that the wheels are kept in the line of progression by the eveners, G, G, and their connection; and when they are dispensed with, and the hitch made direct, the wheels follow the animals, and may get out of the line of progression.

As it is admitted that, if the eveners are elements of the second claim, the effect of their omission, and of hitching directly to the draught-plates instead of to the eveners, would be to enlarge the claim, and as in our judgment this is precisely what was done, the reissue must be held to have been illegally expanded. It may also be observed that the connecting bow in the original patent, called an 'axle,' consists of a central curved portion with a plate attached to each end, and two spindle-plates, a combination of five parts. In the reissue the axle and side plates are treated as one part, making, with the two spindle draught-plates, three parts. There is therefore an omission in the latter combination which tends, by reducing the number of elements, to render its scope less narrow than that of the original.

As we have seen, the original first claim was for 'the axle, A, having plates, B, hinged to the wheel spindle-plates, C, so that the wheels are retained in the line of progression when one is in advance of the other, as set forth.' The second claim of the reissue is for 'the axle, A, hinged to the wheel-spindle or draught-plates, B, B, so that the wheels are retained in the line of progression by the draught of the animals, when one is in advance of the other, substantially as described, and for the purpose specified.' The axle, having plates as described hinged to wheel spindle-plates, is not identical with an axle omitting the first-named plates, or having them so affixed as to become a constituent part thereof. The omission of the plates, B, and the addition of the direct draught, are significant and material changes, and it is well settled that a reissue can only be granted for the same invention intended to be embraced by the original patent, and the specification cannot be substantially changed, either by the addition of new matter, or the omission of important particulars, so as to enlarge the invention as intended to be originally claimed.

Passing to the question of infringement, it will be found that when the extent of the invention is determined, as it must be, by reference to the state of the art, the appellee's machine does not infringe in respect to those parts of the claim which can be held to have been unanticipated. It is alleged in the bill that in Pattee v. Plow Co., in the United States circuit court for the Northern district of Illinois, the court sustained the validity of said reissued letters patent No. 6,080. Upon referring to that case (10 Biss. 377, 9 Fed. Rep. 821) we find that Judge BLODGETT held: 'From the proof in this case it is quite clear to me that Pattee was not the first to conceive and embody in a working machine the idea of a tongueless straddle-row cultivator. The first machine shown in the proof which embodies this idea is that patented by Isaac Constant, in November, 1851. It is a tongueless straddle-row cultivator, with all the elements for a working machine of that description, and so arranged as to be what may be called in this art self-sustaining; that is, it will stand upon its own supports. This was also done by Arnton Smith in January, 1855; by Whitely, in 1860 to 1865; by E. W. Vangundy, in February, 1864; by Pratt, in October, 1864; and by Adam Young, in November, 1866. All these show cultivators constructed without a tongue, with two plow-beams held together by a yoke, each plow drawn by its own draught animal, and operating independently of the other.' The Constant patent here referred to is in this record, and shows a tongueless cultivator, in which the inside beams move vertically and laterally, independent of each other, and each draught animal is hitched to its own side, while the side supports are beams to which two cultivator shovels are applied. The Smith machine is a tongueless cultivator, in which two mould-board plows are connected together by a bar in front, not arched up in the center. A horse is to be attached to each plow, and the coupling so made as to allow an independent motion. Of the Pratt patent, Judge BLODGETT says that Pattee's arched and jointed axle is fully anticipated by it in form of construction, function, and mode of operation. This Pratt patents shows a flexible, parallel, tongueless cultivator, in which each horse pulls his own side of the machine. The patent to William Tasker, of 1859, has an axle hinged to draught or spindle-arms, having projecting bars so coupled that the wheels are retained in the line of progression by the draught of the animals. Tasker's fifth claim is: 'The connecting of the wheel stumps to a vertical spindle or spindles, capable of turning freely in vertical collar bearings or sockets, as hereinbefore described.' The description as to this part of his machine is thus: 'J, J, are adjustable stumps for carrying the running wheels, K, K. These stumps pass through the overhanging lugs, L, L, formed at the top and bottom of each of the round spindles, M, M, which are contained in the vertical sockets, N, N, (one of which is shown in section in figure 3,) of the cast-iron frame, C, and are free to turn therein; thereby enabling the stump of each wheel to swivel or lock round when turning the plow, as shown by the dotted lines in figure 2.' If Pattee's claim were merely for a combination of an axle, having an elevated central portion, with the wheel-spindles, so that the draught of the team controls the direction of the wheels, the Tasker patent anticipates it; but the combination differs from that in the arrangement by which the evener-bars are carried inwardly, so as to connect with the arch or central part of the axle, making the axle a part of the evener so combined, and thus maintaining the parallelism of the wheels. Appellees' machine does not have 'the wheel-spindles or draught-plates' of the patent, nor the axle, A, with side-plates, B, but it uses the Pratt axle of 1864. Nor in appellees' machine is the parallelism of the wheels maintained by the draught devices, nor are they retained in the line of progression by the draught of the animals, but turn as the animals may pull. The beam-frames of appellees' machine have nothing to do with the wheel-spindle. The snugs of Pattee's have nothing to do with the plow-beams. The differences are so great that interchangeability of the parts of the two machines would be utterly out of the question. In our judgment the reissue, if valid, when limited to what alone could be claimed as new, is not infringed by appellee.

The first and second claims of the Kendall patent No. 174,684 are as follows: '(1) The runners, E, arranged to support the axle of a tongueless cultivator, with the plows, D, suspended therefrom, in manner substantially as described. (2) The combination of the runners, E, plows, D, hook-rods, F, and axle, A, of a tongueless cultivator, substantially as and for the purpose specified.' As stated on behalf of appellant, 'the second claim in said patent is a claim for substantially the same combination as recited in the first claim, but differently worded from the first claim,' and as the hang-up devices are necessary for the suspension of the plows, the two claims may be treated as one. The invention is said in the specifications to consist of the use of runners attached to the truck-frame or axle in such manner that they will not interfere with the operations of the machine when in use, and will act as supporting runners for the axle when the rear ends of the plows are elevated and suspended thereon; and, second, in the combination of hooks or rods for suspending the plows on the axle, with said axle and plows. The drawings show the axle, the wheels, the draught-plates, and the plows of an ordinary cultivator of the tongueless class. The runners, constituting, as alleged, the 'main feature' of the improvement, are journaled on the outer ends of the spindles of the wheels, midway their lengths, and their forward ends curved inward, and secured to the draught-plates by a threaded end and nut, while their rear ends are extended backward and downward, and curved in such position that when the plows are in operation in the field, and the axle upright, the rear ends of the runners will be above and free from the surface of the ground, and, when the rear ends of the plows are elevated and suspended by any means from the axle, the rear ends of the runners will rest upon the ground, and support the axle from being pulled backward and downward. In short, as in the machines with a tongue, the plows are raised up and suspended from the tongue to keep them off the ground, so in the tongueless machine the plows are raised up and hooked onto the axle, and, to prevent their falling backward with the axle, runners are provided, connected with the axle and the hitching-arm of the machine, which sustain the axle when the plows are hooked on, but are themselves raised from contact with the ground by the draught when the plows are in use. The runners are described as 'journaled on the outer ends of the spindles,' but it is also stated that they 'may be attached rigidly to any suitable part of the axle, at one or more points of attachment, and extend backward in the same manner as described.' These runners, having the wheel-spindle or axle for their fixed point of support, are necessarily rigid and unyielding, and work automatically, their rear ends being raised by the pulling of the team, and lowered by the weight of the plow-beams when placed on the hooks. The rigidity of the runners, and the resulting automatic action, are the essential characteristics of the patent; for tongueless wheel cultivators, with runners to keep the plows off the ground, were common and well known in the art when it was issued.

It is contended by appellant that the true state of the art is contained in the prior patents of Poling of 1872, and Robertson of 1875; and, while many others are exhibited, an examination of these will, we think, sufficiently establish the conclusion just expressed. Poling's patent is for a tongueless cultivator, provided with runners, which are placed under the beams by hand when the plows are being transported, and which are taken out and carried on the beams when the plows are in operation. Robertson's patent is for a tongueless cultivator, with draughtplates, wheels, and beams, and runners pivoted to the beams near the axle, and arranged with set-screws to lock the plows up and let them down. It is immaterial to the operation of the runners whether they act directly on the plow-beams or through the axle. In appellees' machine the runner is arranged upon the end of an arm which projects backward from the axle. When the plows are in use the runner is turned up out of the way. When the runners are used the plows are raised, and the runners prevented from turning up by a catch on the arm. This machine does not contain runners constructed as the Kendall runners are, in the rigid form, and operated by the draught of the team to keep them off, or by the weight of the plows to keep them on, the ground, and so lacks the distinctive features of the Kendall patent. It is not automatic, but requires manipulation every time the use is changed. When the runner is put in use its rear extension is turned down by hand, and a locking-dog, hung within a slot in the arm, turned into position. When the runner is not to be used, it must be moved so as to release the dog, and permit it to be thrown up, and the arm is then thrown upward and forward; the dog being allowed to drop so as to afford a support for the runner. This jointed runner with a lock cannot be held to be the Kendall rigid bar. We agree with the circuit court that there is no infringement.

Patent No. 187,899 is described as being for a new and improved mode of constructing the arch or central and main part of straddle-row cultivator beam-yokes or axles, and of connecting the side parts thereto, and the invention as consisting 'in constructing said arch of curved adjacent bars of iron or steel, to the ends of which may be attached, by riveting, the cast-iron parts for securing thereto the plows and wheels, and which may be strengthened by the use of stiffening bolts.' The use of parallel bars is exceedingly common, and, so far as the attachment of the bars to the end plates is concerned, there is nothing new in that method. The Burnham and Lathrop patent of 1866 shows a yoke connecting the plow-beams together, made with two parallel bars with end castings, put together with one bolt near the rear ends of the beams, instead of with two bolts at the front ends, as in appellant's machine. The specification says: 'The two frames, G, G, are connected by an arched or semi-circular yoke, H, the ends of which are pivoted to bars, I, I, which are secured on the tops of the plow frames, G, G, by pivots, e; the bars being allowed to turn freely on the pivots, e.' The Louden patent of 1876 has an arched axle of tubular wrought iron, gas-pipe being stated to be very suitable, having end castings attached rigidly or cast thereon. The Barr patent of 1872, and the Miller patent of the same year, show arched axles or beam-yokes of two or more parts. The Perkins patent of the same year shows the beams themselves made of parallel curved bars. What is sought in all these patents is strength and lightness, together with cheapness and durability, but they are simply modes of construction. And that described in this patent embraces nothing that is not old, and really nothing that is patentable; that is, which involves invention rather than mechanical skill. Upon the whole case we are satisfied with the conclusions reached by the circuit court, and its decree is therefore affirmed.