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354 and whenever brought into direct rivalry with male journalists, she has shown her ability to do the work far better than most of the men, and as well as the best of them. In political work she has been very successful.

HAMMER, Mrs. Anna Maria Nichols, temperance worker, born in Pottsvtlle, Pa., 14th September, 1840. Her father was Alfred Lawton, one of the pioneers of the coal region. On both sides of the house Mrs. Hammer is descended from Revolutionary stock Her mother's great-grandfather was Michael Hillegas, the confidential friend of Washington and the first Continental Treasurer of the United States. Mrs. Hammer's great-grandfathers, General Francis and General William Nichols, distinguished themselves in the Revolutionary War, as did also her great-grandfather Lawton, who was a surgeon in the army and for many years was surgeon at West Point. Her grandfather Nichols was an officer in the war of 181 2. Anna was educated in Philadelphia, Pottsville and Wilkes-Barre. Pa. In the former city she became the wife of William A. Hammer, and returned with him to Schuylkill county. After several years they removed to Newark, N. J. There a great spiritual awakening came to her, followed by her entrance into temperance work as a member of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, very soon after the inauguration of that movement. Her national connection with the work has been as superintendent of three departments, work among the reformed, juvenile work and her present work, social or parlor work. She is also vice-president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union for the State of Pennsylvania. Mrs. Hammer ranks high as a clear, forceful and ready speaker. At present her home is in Philadelphia, where her husband is in charge of the Reformed Episcopal Theological Seminary She is a cultured woman of strong individuality, an earnest expounder of the work in Bible readings, and greatly interested in the instruction and training of the young.

HAMMOND, Mrs. Loretta Mann, physician, born in Rome, Mich., 4th April, 1842. Her

parents were Daniel and Anna Stoddard Mann. Her mother came from the Stoddards, of Litchfield, Conn., a family of preachers, teachers and editors. Her father is descended from the Pilgrims of the Mayflower, and from the same Plymouth progenitor came the Hon. Horace Mann Early in life Loretta showed tendencies towards her later study. At the age of nine she decided to study medicine, but in that she received no sympathy. Her father, though intelligent and valuing education in a man, was prejudiced against the education of women. When she was fourteen, she walked three miles, went before the school board, and on examination received a first-grade certificate. The first intimation her parents had of her ambition in that direction was when she walked in with the document in her hand. After that she had an hour a day for study, and her father began to say that they might as well let Loretta got an education, as she was so queer no man would ever want to marry her. At sixteen she was sent to Hillsdale College, and she never heard any more laments that she was a girl. After finishing the preparatory and junior years, she decided to study medicine. To be self-supporting, she learned printing, in Peru, Ind., and was an object of curiosity and remark for doing work out of woman's sphere. She began to set type in Hillsdale, Mich., at the sum of twelve cents per thousand, but her wages increased until, as compositor and reporter in Kalamazoo, she received the same wages as a man. While there, on invitation, she joined the State Typographical Union, the only woman in that body. Later she was the only female compositor in Philadelphia, Pa. The Typographical Union there did not admit women, hut, being national,