Page:Willich, A. F. M. - The Domestic Encyclopædia (Vol. 4, 1802).djvu/284

254] pouring a little of this solution into any liquor containing an acid, it will instantly turn red.—Turnsol pays, on importation, a duty of 5s. 2d. per cwt.  TURPENTINE, a transparent, resinous substance, which exudes naturally, but is chiefly obtained by incision, from various species of the ; and is divided into four kinds, namely:

1. The Chian, or Cyprus turpentine, is derived from the : it is of a thick consistence, resembling that of honey; has a fragrant smell; and a bitterish, pungent taste.

2. The Venice turpentine, which exudes from the, has a strong smell, and a hot, disagreeable taste: it is less viscid than any of the other turpentines, and generally of a clear whitish or yellowish cast.—This, and the preceding species pay, on importation, a duty of $4 1⁄2$d. per lb.

3. The Strasburgh turpentine possesses an agreeable aromatic odour, but an uncommonly bitter taste; is neither so thick as the first species, nor so thin as the second; but clearer, and less tenacious than either; being commonly of a yellowish-brown colour:—it is imported from Germany, and charged with a duty of 14s. $1⁄2$d. per cwt.

4. The Common turpentine is extracted from the ; it is of a dark-brown colour; of the consistence of honey; and has the most disagreeable odour and taste, of all the difterent species.—Considerable quantities of this drug are prepared from the resin, in Britain; but, as they are insufficient to supply the market, it is imported from America, and other countries; paying about 2s. 6d. per cwt.

All the turpentines yield, on distillation, an essential oil, which is extremely pungent. On account of their diuretic and tonic properties, they are often successfully prescribed in calculous complaints. The Venice turpentine is preferably recommended as a diuretic, and detergent; while those of Chios and Strasburgh are used as corroborants. The common sort is mostly employed as an ingredient in the plasters used by farriers; and its essential oil, obtained by distillation, is consumed partly in the preparation of, and partly by house-painters; as likewise for the different varnishes in the floor-cloth, umbrella, and many other manufactures. Lastly, when combined with honey, this oil is supposed to afford a powerful remedy in rheumatic affections.  . See.  TURTLE, the, or , Testudo midas, L. a native of the West Indies and South America. This amphibious animal attains to a prodigious size; being sometimes three yards long, and six feet broad; weighing from 5 to 800 lbs. The female digs numerous holes in the sand, where she annually deposits more than 1000 eggs, on which she broods during the night. The young, however, are chiefly hatched by the sun, and frequently become a prey to ravenous birds.

Turtles are taken, either by turning them on their backs, when on land; or, by hunting them in boats, and killing them by a kind of spear, similar to that employed for taking whales.—Their flesh is highly esteemed, particularly the belly, which is of a delicate white colour, resembling veal; and the green fat possesses a peculiar odour. The