Page:Willich, A. F. M. - The Domestic Encyclopædia (Vol. 2, 1802).djvu/228

198] ingenious Abbe L', of Berlin, who has deservedly acquired great celebrity by his method of teaching dumb persons to speak, by signs or characters. For an account of his plan, we must refer our readers to the "New Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences," &c. of Berlin for the year 1785 ("Noveaux Memoires de L'Academie Royale," &c.) in which they will find a short account confirmed by facts.  DUNG, properly signifies the excrements of animals, together with the litter. It likewise comprehends whatever will ferment with soil, such as the green stalks of leaves and plants, when buried in the earth, &c.

The value and use of the dung of most animals, are sufficiently proved by experience. Much, however, depends on adapting the various kinds of dung to different soils, the defects of which are as unlike as the dung employed to improve them: some lands are too cold, moist, and heavy; others are too light and dry; to ameliorate which, there is hot and light dung, such as that of horses, sheep, pigeons, &c. as also fat and codling, viz. that of oxen, hogs, and the like.

Dung possesses two remarkable properties, one of which is to produce a sensible heat, greatly promoting vegetation; the other is, to fatten and render the soil more fertile. The first of these is seldom to be found, unless in the dung of horses, or mules; the great effects of which, when newly made, and somewhat moist, are conspicuous in our kitchen gardens, where it invigorates and gives new life to every plant, supplying the absence of the sun, and affording us all the vegetable delicacies of the spring.

Horse-dung, however, is equally excellent for steril and poor lands; but, if it be used when too new, or be laid on alone, it is to some soils very pernicious; or, if it be spread too thinly on dry lands during the summer, it proves of very little service; its fertilizing properties being absorbed by the sun, which renders it little more than a heap of stubble, or dry thatch. Hence, horse-dung is best calculated for cold ground, while that of cows is adapted solely to a hot one: when mixed together, or with mud, both form an excellent manure for either of those soils.

The dung of deer, and sheep, diifers but little as to its properties, and is, in the estimation of some agriculturists, the most proper for cold clays: with this intention it should be pulverized, and spread thinly over the autumnal or spring crops, in the proportion of four or five loads per acre, in the same manner as ashes, malt-dust, &c. are strewed.

Hog's-dung is supposed to be fatter and richer than that of any other animal; and has been found to be the most serviceable to apple, pear, and other fruit-trees. It is also particularly excellent for grass, one load of it being said to be more beneficial than two of any other manure.

The dung of pigeons and hens contributes greatly toimproveto improve [sic] meadow and corn-lands. The former is, without exception, the richest that can be laid on arable soils; but previously to being used, it ought to be exposed to the air for a short space of time, in order to exhale part of its fiery ingredients. It is, in general, very proper for cold clay-lands, but should be carefully dried before it is spread; being apt, during wet weather, to clod