Page:Willich, A. F. M. - The Domestic Encyclopædia (Vol. 1, 1802).djvu/140

116] will require six or eight weeks. Thus the plants will be fit for use in November or December, and continue the whole winter.

Artichokes flourish best in a rich and moist soil; but if it be too wet, the roots are apt to decay in severe frosts. They have been used with advantage in the making of soda; and the leaves of the scolymus, prepared with bismuth, impart to wool a fine and permanent gold colour.  ARTICHOKE, the Jerusalem, is a plant of the same genus as the sun-flower. It produces bulbs at its roots, has been long cultivated in gardens, as an esculent vegetable, and, except that it is watery and of a softer consistence, in many respects resembles the potatoe, but is not in such general esteem. This root, however, is much valued for feeding hogs and store-pigs. Mr., the author of "Winter Riches," published in the year 1772, asserts, that from one acre of ground, he obtained between seventy and eighty tons of this root. He is of opinion, that seven acres will yield three hundred and ninety-six tons, which will keep one hundred swine for six months, allowing each head fifty-six pounds per day, at an advance of value from ten to fifteen shillings, especially if they be boiled with sweet hog-wash.

When these roots are given to horses, they should be washed, cut, and ground in an apple-mill: the proportion given at each time is eight pounds, with two ounces of salt, and a bite of hay, thrice daily.

Another celebrated cultivator found the produce of this root to be about four hundred and eighty bushels Winchester measure, per acre, without any dung. Its chief recommendations are, the certainty of a crop; its flourishing almost upon any soil; not requiring manure, and being proof against the severest frosts.—The culture is the same as that of potatoes.  ARTICULATION, in language, is the division of sounds into distinct syllables; and consists in giving every letter its due proportion of sound, so that the hearer may perceive and determine their number without difficulty; while he is enabled to ascertain the respective letters in every syllable.

The late Mr., however, has endeavoured to prove, in his "Course of Lectures on Elocution," published about the year 1762, that the English language is by no means calculated to answer the purpose of reading aloud to others. This strong-headed grammarian maintains, that as our written language has no visible marks of articles, it is defective in the most important requisites to a just delivery of speech.

A just delivery, we are told, consists in a distinct articulation of words pronounced in proper tones, suitably varied to the sense and emotions of the mind; with due observation of accent; of emphasis, in its several gradations; of rests or pauses of the voice, in proper places, and well-measured degrees of time; and the whole accompanied with expressive looks, and significant gestures. Of these essential characters, two only are at all regarded in the art of writing: namely, articulate sounds, or words, which are marked by letters; and stops, or pauses of the voice, which are denoted by little figures or tittles.

But with respect to the other articles, of tones, accent, emphasis, and gesture, there are no visible marks