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 ] instances down to one. Of course the compilers of the lists may contend that their researches are not yet completed. The investigation of utterances extending over well-nigh two thousand years may well require considerable time. The judgment may be regarded as still in suspense. But so far as lists are given us they vary within the limits already stated.

Cardinal Franzelin, writing in 1875, gives some examples of utterances whose Infallibility he regards as certain. They are four in number.

1. The Dogmatic Constitutions of the Council of Constance against Wiclif and Hus, confirmed by Martin V.

2. The Constitution exsurge of Leo X. against Luther.

3. The Constitution of Clement XI. against the Jansenists—the Bull Unigenitus.

4. The Constitution Auctorem Fidei of Pius VI. against the Synod of Pistoia; wherein many prepositions are condemned with various degrees of censure.

Franzelin by no means limits Infallibility to these four utterances. But these are all that he gives as illustrations of its exercise. And of these he says with perfect confidence: "It is not lawful for any Catholic to deny that these are infallible definitions."

A more recent writer, Lucien Choupin, repeats Franzelin's list, and gives four other utterances in addition:—

1. The Decree of the Immaculate Conception.

2. The Dogma of Papal Infallibility.

Pius IX. is affirmed to have infallibly decreed his own Infallibility.