Page:William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (3rd ed, 1768, vol II).djvu/363

 Ch. 21. or letters patent mut firt pas by bill: which is prepared by the attorney and olicitor general, in conequence of a warrant from the crown; and is then igned, that is, upercribed at the top, with the king's own ign manual, and ealed with his privy ignet, which is always in the cutody of the principal ecretary of tate; and then ometimes it immediately paes under the great eal, in which cae the patent is ubcribed in thee words, "per ipum regem, by the king himelf ." Otherwie the coure is to carry an extract of the bill to the keeper of the privy eal, who makes out a writ or warrant thereupon to the chancery; o that the ign manual is the warrant to the privy eal, and the privy eal is the warrant to the great eal: and in this lat cae the patent is ubcribed, "per breve de privato igillo, by writ of privy eal ." But there are ome grants, which only pas through certain offices, as the admiralty or treaury, in conequence of a ign manual, without the confirmation of either the ignet, the great, or the privy eal.

manner of granting by the king, does not more differ from that by a ubject, than the contructon of his grants, when made. 1. A grant made by the king, at the uit of the grantee, hall be taken mot beneficially for the king, and againt the party: whereas the grant of a ubject is contrued mot trongly againt the grantor. Wherefore it is uual to inert in the king's grants, that they are made, not at the uit of the grantee, but "ex peciali gratia, certa cientia, et mero motu regis;" and then they have a more liberal contruction. 2. A ubject's grant hall be contrued to include many things, beides what are expreed, if neceary for the operation of the grant. Therefore, in a private grant of the profits of land for one year, free ingres, egres, and regres, to cut and carry away thoe profits, are alo incluively granted : and if a feoffment of land was made by a lord Rh