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General Chang Tso-lin was born at Haichen Hsien, Fengtien Province, in 1876. He received no education in his youth, but his bravery and initative [sic] distinguished him and signed him out to be a powerful leader among a class of outlaws known as Hungutzu. During the Russo-Japanese War General Chang fought on the side of Japan and rendered no small service to the Mikado. In 1906 General Chang surrendered to Chao Erh-hsun who was then the Tartar General of Mukden (Fengtien Chiangchun). A regime was immediately formed composed of his followers, with himself as Commanding Officer. A few years later he was promoted to be Commander of the Fengtien Defence Force in China in which capacity he rendered valuable service in the maintenence [sic] of peace and order