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General Li Keng-yuan was born at Teng-yueh Hsien, Yunnan province, in 1878. After acquiring an elementary military training in Yunnan, he was sent to Japan among the sixth group of Chinese military students to study in the Japanese Military Cadets Academy. The course he took was in the infantry and he graduated from that institution. After his return to China, General Li became Director of the Military Lecture Hall of Yunnan and later was concurrently Councillor of the General Staff Office of the Yunnan forces. Upon the outbreak of the First Revolution in October 1911, General Li organized a Revolutionary Force with the students of the Military Lecture Hall and declared the independence of Yunnan. He was elected Vice Tutuh or Assistant Military Director. In 1913 General Li was elected a Member of the House of Representatives of the First National Parliament which was dissolved by Yuan Shih-kai in January 1914. In 1915 he joined the Yunnan Rebellion. During Yuan Shih-kai's monarchical movement, General Li secretly travelled between Japan, Hong-