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Mr. Shan was born at Jui-an Hsien, Chekiang province, in 1880. He was a Hsiu Ts'ai or Licentiate through competitive examinations in the Ching Dynasty. Having become a Licentiate, Mr. Shan was given an appointment by the Hsueh Pu, then Board of Education, as an assistant compiler in the Translation and Compilation Office. After a few year's work in that office, he was sent to America where he studied Political Economy at Columbia University. He graduated from that University with the degree of M. A. Upon his return to China, Mr. Shan attended the Imperial Examination for returned students and obtained the degree of Han Lin or Ph. D. Subsequently he was appointed a member of the Councillors' Hall of the Board of Communications. Many a time Mr. Shan was assistant examiner or examiner of the Imper al Examination either for returned students, or for judicial officials or for high civil officials. Subsequent to