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General Chao Yu-k'e was born at Tientsin in 1877. He is a graduate of the Military Academy of Pei Yang. After his graduation he became the Drill Officer of the Bodyguards of Viceroy of Hung-chang. For some time he was also teaching in the College for Military Officers. He was instructor in cavalry in several provinces. Later he was promoted to be battalion commander in the 3rd Division, in charge of transportation, and other works. During that period he wrote several books on military science, strategy and cavalry drilling. In 1912, General Chao was promoted to be Commander of the Right Wing of the Metropolitan Defence. Concurrently he acted as Chief of the Military Compilation and Translation Bureau. In 1916, when the trouble in Kweichow and Yunnan began, he was appointed chief of the general staff attached to the com-