Page:Western Europe in the Middle Ages.djvu/255



Aachen, 58 Abelard, 91, 102, 129, 131 Accursius, writer on Roman law, 180 Adrianople, battle of, 28 Agincourt, battle of, 205 Agriculture, in Roman Empire, 16, 18; after fall of Rome, 43; change in system of, 85-87; in 12th c., 83; in 13th c., 177 Albertus Magnus, theologian, 178 Albigensian heresy, 149-151, 162 Alexander III, pope, 105, 110 Alexandria, 13, 36, 37 Alsace, 58, 67 Amalfi, 43 Anaclete II, anti-pope, 103 Anagni, 195 Anglo-Saxons, 29, 30, 45, 74 Anjou, county of, 115, 124 Antioch, church in, 24; and Constantinople, 36; and First Crusade, 82,83 Aquitaine, held by Franks, 45; duchy of, 115, 136, 167 Arabia, 39 Arabic language, translations from, 96, 128, 131, 133 Arabs, 38-41. See Saracens, Moslems. Aragon, kingdom of, 151, 168, 161 Architecture, in 12th c., 138-139; in 13th c., 184-185 Armorican peninsula, 30 Arthurian romances, 134, 135 Augustine, St., 20, 21 Avars, 48 Avignon, popes at, 196, 208

"Babylonian Captivity," 196 Bagdad, 44 Baillis, 125-126, 164, 165 Banking, 176-177, 212-213 Barcelona, 177 Barons’ Rebellion, 175 Bavaria, duchy of, and Welfs, 108; and Wittelsbachs, 111 Benedict XI, pope, 195 Benedictine Order, 92 Bernard of Clairvaux, St. 91, 93, 95, 101-104, 106, 121; writings of, 133 Black Death, 207-208 Boccaccio, 183, 213, 214-215 Boethius, 34 Bohemia, 212 Bologna, school of, 128-129, 132, 153; University of, 178 Bonaventura, St., theologian, 180 Boniface, St., 48 Boniface of Savoy, archbishop of Canterbury, 173 Boniface VIII, pope, 106, 191-195 Bordeaux, 177 Bourgeoisie, spread of Christianity to, 22; and profit motive, 98-99; in 13th c., 145 Bouvines, battle of, 125, 164 Bracton, 180 Britain, and Roman Empire, 13; and Anglo-Saxons, 29, 30; in 7th c., 44. See England. Brittany, 30, 167 Bruges, 84, 177 Brunetto Latini, Livre dou Tresor of, 179 Brunswick, duchy of, 109 Bulgarians, 152 Burgesses, in Parliament, 175-176, 201 Burgundians, 28 Rh