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44 and garden truck, the farmers of the South who raise cotton and tobacco, the farmers of the Mississippi Valley who raise wheat and corn, and the farmers of California who raise fruits operate under widely different conditions. The farmers of the South who raise a surplus of cotton for export are directly subject to European conditions, just as are the wheat farmers, who also have a surplus for export. The dairy farmers and poultry raisers of New York and New England sell in a purely domestic market and the benefit of high wages for town labor spreads to them to a certain extent. They are buyers of gram raised by the Western farmers. They, like all farmers, are affected, however, by the high wages of the labor that they have to hire and the high charges for railway transportation, which are a reflection of the high wages that the railways are constrained to pay for their labor.

There are differences also in the economic status of the farmers. Those of New York and New England are generally proprietors. In the West and South farms are operated to a greater extent by tenants. We find among them the sharp classification of croppers, tenants, part owners and full owners, whose capital increases in the order mentioned. Use has been made here of a portentous word, viz. capital. Ali farmers are capitalists, i.e., they are owners of property, although the croppers have but little. Even the tenant farmers have a good deal of capital in the form of implements and live stock, crops on hand and growing, and other assets. The owners of farms have all of these assets and in addition thereto their land and the improvements upon it.

There is to be found here the fundamental difference between agricultural workers and town workers. The