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138 several industries. No industry may successfully dictate respecting this unless it possesses a monopoly, and then only within limits. It is easier for successful dictation respecting the division between capital and labor within an industry but that also is subject to limitations. This consideration may be extensively developed, but my present purpose is merely to dismiss the item of wage demands of organized labor as being inherently of the nature of an economic restriction. They become that only when they constitute an impediment to competition and to the free operation of the law of supply and demand. Realization of labor union aspirations for the complete unionization of labor, with closed shops, might make them such.

The immediate economic restrictions of labor unions that are of grave concern are unmistakeably hampering. These may be generalized as the discouragement of work. Specifically they prescribe arbitrary limitations upon performance, they restrict the personnel of a trade, they allocate the right to work among jurisdictions outside of which no member of the particular union is allowed to function even in simple matters, they impose wasteful rules upon employers, they deny to outsiders the right to work. Such restrictions tend to diminish competition and production. Respecting that there is no shadow of doubt. The evidence of this has been stated so many times and is so conclusive that there is no need to repeat it here. The effects of labor unions in these ways are far more disastrous economically than is anything that they are able to do with regard to wages.

Mr. Alfred, the president of the Pere Marquette railway has pointed out what happens when a locomotive bas been sent to the shop for repairs because of a