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 This could have a profound chilling effect on social media users and their protected freedom of expression. Even though the law does not require social media networks to remove “hateful conduct” from their websites and does not impose liability on users for engaging in “hateful conduct”, the state’s targeting and singling out of this type of speech for special measures certainly could make social media users wary about the types of speech they feel free to engage in without facing consequences from the state. This potential wariness is bolstered by the actual title of the law—“Social media networks; hateful conduct prohibited”—which strongly suggests that the law is really aimed at reducing, or perhaps even penalizing people who engage in, hate speech online. As Plaintiffs noted during oral argument, one can easily imagine the concern that would arise if the government required social media networks to maintain policies and complaint mechanisms for anti-American or pro-American speech. (Tr., ECF No. 27 at 29:2.) Moreover, social media users often gravitate to certain websites based on the kind of community and content that is fostered on that particular website. Some social media websites—including Plaintiffs’—intentionally foster a “pro-free speech” community and ethos that may become less appealing to users who intentionally seek out spaces where they feel like they can express themselves freely.

The potential chilling effect to social media users is exacerbated by the indefiniteness of some of the Hateful Conduct Law’s key terms. It is not clear what the terms like “vilify” and “humiliate” mean for the purposes of the law. While it is true that there are readily accessible dictionary definitions of those words, the law does not define what type of “conduct” or “speech” could be encapsulated by them. For example, could a post using the hashtag “BlackLivesMatter” or “BlueLivesMatter” be considered “hateful conduct” under the law? Likewise, could social media posts expressing anti-American views be considered conduct that humiliates or vilifies a group based on national origin? It is not clear from the face of the text, and thus the law does not