Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/92

 82 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. d. yátha 'as', when used in the sense of iva ‘like', 'as it were', at the end of a Pāda; e. g. tāyávo yathā (1. 50²) ‘like thieves'. e. ná 'not', when followed by hi 'for'¹, the two particles being treated as one word; e. g. nahi tvā invataḥ (1 10³) 'for the two do not restrain thee'; similarly when combined with the particle ni 'now': na-nú 'certainly not'. I. Accentuation of Nominal Stems. 86. A. In primary derivation no general law for the accentuation of nominal suffixes can be stated; but there is a tendency, when -a, -ana, -as, -an, -man are added, to accent the root in action nouns, and the suffix in agent nouns; and in nouns formed with as and -man difference of gender is to some extent accompanied by difference of accent. 1. Root stems when reduplicated or compounded with prepositions as a rule retain the accent on the radical syllable; e. g. juhú- tongue' and 'ladle', yavi-yúdh- 'eager to fight'; pra-neni- 'guiding constantly'. In stems formed with intensive reduplication, however, the reduplicative syllable is sometimes accented; thus jógū- 'singing aloud', vánīvan- 'desiring', dáridra- (VS.) 'roving'. The prefix is accented in áva-sa- 'deliverance', upa-stu-t- 'in- vocation', pári-jri- 'running round'2. 2. When the suffix -a is added, the root is accented in action nouns, but the suffix in agent nouns; e. g. véd-a- ‘knowledge', śiśnáth-a- 'perforation'; but cod-á- 'instigator', cacar-á- 'moveable' 3. When there is a verbal prefix, the final syllable is as a rule accented; e. g. sam-gam-á- m. 'coming together'. In a few of these compounds, however, the root is accented, as ut-pát-a- (AV.) 'portent', a-śrés-a- (AV.) ‘plague'; and in some others (mostly agent nouns) the prefix: á-bhag-a- 'sharing', práti-ves-a- 'neighbour', vy-òș-a- (AV.) 'burning', sám-kāś-a- (AV.) 'appearance'. 3. The suffix -ata is always accented on the final syllable; e. g. darś- atá- ‘visible', pac-atá- ‘cooked', yaj-atá- ‘to be adored'. 4. Of the participial suffixes -at and -ant the former is never accented when the sense is verbal; e. g. dád-at- ‘giving', dás-at- ‘worshipping'. A few old participles, however, which have become substantives, have shifted the accent to the suffix: vah-át- 'stream', vegh-át- (AV. VS.) ‘barren cow', vägh-át- 'sacrificer', srav-át- 'stream', saśc-át- 'pursuer'. The suffix -ant is accented in the present participle of the second (450) and sixth (429) classes and of the denominative (562), e. g. ad-ánt-, tud-ánt-, aghãy-ánt-; in the future (537), e. g. dasy-ánt- (AV.); in the root aorist, e. g. bhid-ánt- and sometimes in the a-aorist, e. g. urdh-ánt-; also in the old present participles which have become adjectives, rh-ánt- ‘weak', bṛh-ánt- 'great', and (with lengthened vowel) mah- ánt- 'great'. 5. The suffix -an is generally accented; e. g. ukṣ-án- m. ‘bull', ud-án- n. 'water'. The radical syllable is, however, not infrequently accented; e. g. ráj-an- m. 'king', údh-an- n. 'udder'. 6. Stems formed with -ana predominantly accent the root; e. g. kár-ana- n. 'act', cód-ana- (AV.) 'impelling'. The final syllable is, however, accented fairly often; e. g. kar-aṇá- ‘active', kroś-aná- ‘yelling', kṣay-aṇá- (VS.) 'habitable', tvar-and- (AV.) 'hastening', roc-aná- 'shining' (AV.), n. 'light', svap-aná- (VS.) 'sleepy'. The penultimate is also accented in several words: the substantives 1 The ŚB., however, accents both particles; cp. LEUMANN, KZ. 31, 22. 2 Cp. WHITNEY 1147 g. 3 Cp. WHITNEY 1148; LINDNER p. 34.