Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/438

 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. b. the appositional accusative; thus osá-m 'quickly' (lit. 'burningly'), káma-m 'according to desire'; náma 'by name', rupá-m 'in form', satyá-m 'truly'. c. the accusative of direction; e. g. ágra-m (i-) '(go) to the front of', 'before'; ásta-m (gam-) '(go) home'. d. the accusative of distance and time; e. g. dūrá-m 'a long way off', 'far'; nákta-m 'by night', sayá-m ‘in the evening', cirá-m '(for a) long (time)', nitya-m 'constantly', púrva-m 'formerly'. 428 a. There are also some adverbs derived from obsolete nominal stems, which would seem for the most part to have belonged originally to the spbere of the cognate accusative; thus ára-m 'sufficiently' (from *ára- 'fitting'), ála-m (AV.) id.; tūşni-m 'in silence', nănāná-m (from nánā) 'variously', nüná-m (from nú) 'now'; säká-m 'together' (from *säká- 'accompaniment': sac- 'follow' 2. P. Finally a number of accusative adverbs are formed from pronominal stems; thus adás 'there', 'thither'; id 'just', 'even'; idám 'here', 'now'; im 'ever' (e. g. yá im 'whoever'); ká-d, an interrogative particle; ká-m, a particle emphasizing, a preceding dative or (unaccented) the particles nú, sú, hí; ki-m 'why?'; -kī-m ‘ever' (in ma-kīm 'never'); kuv-id 'whether?'; ci-d 'even'; tá-d 'then'; yá-d 'if', 'when', 'that'; si-m 'ever' (yát sīm 'whenever'); sumá-d and smá-d 'together'. 643. Instrumental. With the ending of this case (sometimes plural) are formed adverbs from substantives, adjectives, and pronouns, the latter two groups being at first probably used with the ellipse of a substantive. Various senses of the instrumental case are expressed by these adverbs. Usually they imply manner or accompanying circumstances; e. g. táras-ā 'with speed'; sáhas-à 'forcibly'; távisī-bhis 'with might'; návyas-ā 'anew'; ena 'in this (way)', 'thus'. Not infrequently they express extension of space or time; e. g. ágrena 'in front'; aktu-bhis 'by night'; div-a 'by day' (but div-á 'through the sky'); dosá 'in the evening'. a. The substantive instrumentals are chiefly formed from feminine stems in -ā not otherwise in use, but corresponding mostly to masculines or neuters in -a; thus a-datrayá 'without (receiving) a gift' (dátra- 'gift'); asaya 'before the face of', 'openly' (*ása-as- 'face'); rtayá 'in the right way' (*rtá- rtá-); naktayá by night' (*náktā- = nákta-); sumnaya 'piously' (*sumná = sumná-); svapnayá (AV.) 'in a dream' (*svápnā- svápna-). a. Several of these feminines are instrumentals from stems in -tā and identical in form with the stem; thus tiraścá-tā ‘through'; devá-tā ‘among the gods'; bāhu-tā ‘with the arms'; sasvár-tā 'in secret'; dvi-tá 'in two ways' may have a similar origin (dvi-ta- two') ³. We have perhaps also old instrumentals of feminine stems in - in tāditna 'then' that time'; and in vŕtha 'according to choice', 'at will' (*vý-thā- 'choice', from vy- 'choose'). = 'at = ß. In a few examples the instrumental seems more probably to be that of a radical stem with adverbial shift of accent rather than from a stem in -ã; thus guh-ā 'in secret', rather inst. of gúh- hiding', than of a stem *gúh-à-5; similarly mŕs-a in vain' (*mŕ's- 'neglect': inst. mrs-á); sác-a 'together' (*sác- accompaniment' : inst. sac-a). In a-sthá (RV¹.), perhaps meaning 'at once', we seem to have an instrumental adverb from a radical a- stem a-stha (no standing') 'without delay". = -C; b. The adjective instrumentals end either in -à (plural -ais) or -ya. The former are derived from a- stems and a few consonant stems in the latter are anomalous feminines from u- stems and one or two - stems: a. apāká ‘afar' (ápāka- ‘far'); īrmá 'quickly' (īrmá-); ucca and uccáis 'on high' (uccá-); dakṣiná to the right' (dáksina-); parācáis ‘for away' (*parācá-); paścá 'behind' (*paścá-); madhyá 'in the midst (mádhya-); śánais 'slowly' ¹ Cp. GRAY, IF. 11, 307 ff.; 172. 2 For some other adverbs origin, which were originally accusatives, see WHITNEY IIII f. FOY, IF. 12, | 4 The normal inst. of which would be of obscure 5 Cp. RV. 1. 676 guhá gúham gās and in the next stanza gúhā bhávantam. 3 Cp. BENFEY, SV. Glossary, and GRASS- MANN, Wörterbuch, s. v.
 * guh-á.