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 VIII. INDECLINABLES. PREPOSITIONAL ADVERBS. 423 parás 'beyond'. 616. In the RV. parás is used with the accusative, instrumental, ablative, and locative; but in the later Samhitās it seems to be found with the abla- tive only. a. It takes the accusative six or seven times in the sense of 'beyond', not only locally, but also to express superiority or excess; e. g. áti súryam paráḥ śakuná iva paptima (Ix. 107 20) 'we have flown away like birds beyond the sun'; nahi devó ná mártyo mahás táva krátum paráh (1.192) 'for neither god nor mortal (goes) beyond the might of thee, the great'. b. It is employed nearly three times as frequently with the instrumental, for the most part in the sense of 'beyond'; e. g. paró mátrayā (VII. 99¹) 'beyond measure'. In some passages this sense is somewhat modified. Thus the word twice means 'over' (as opposed to avás); e. g. yás te amśúr avás ca yáh paráḥ srucá (x. 17¹3) 'thy juice which (fell) down from and over the ladle'. Twice, moreover, it expresses 'without'; e. g. paró mayabhis (v. 44²) 'without wiles'. c. With the locative it occurs only once in the sense of 'beyond': yé trimśáti tráyas paró deváso barhír ásadan (vIII. 28¹) 'the gods who, three in excess of thirty, have seated themselves upon the litter'. d. It is found in three passages of the RV., as well as a few times in the AV. and the VS., with the ablative in the senses of 'beyond', far 'from', and 'away from'; e. g. paró diváḥ (AV. IX. 4²¹) 'beyond the sky'; asmāt. paráh (VIII. 27¹8) 'far from him'; tvát paráḥ (AV. XII. 3³⁹) ‘apart from thee'; paró mujavats 'tīhi (VS.111.61) 'go away beyond (Mount) Mujavat'. The last example may probably be an instance of the accusative with parás = 'beyond (the tribe of) the Mūjavants'¹. purástād 'in front of'. 617. This adverb is used two or three times in the Samhitãs with the genitive in the sense of 'before', 'in front of'; e. g. sámiddhasya purástāt (III. 82) in front of the kindled one'; vájaḥ purástād utá madhyató nah (TS. IV. 7. 12²= VS. XVIII. 34) 'strength be before us and in the midst of us'. purá 'before' (time). In the RV. purá is used some twenty times, and in the later Samhitās occasionally, before or after the ablative. It has primarily the sense of 'before' (of time); e. g. purá nú jarásaḥ (VIII. 67²⁰) 'before old age'; purá krūrásya visýpaḥ (TS. 1. 1. 93 VS. I. 28) 'before the departure of the cruel (foe)'. This sense is, however, often modified to express exclusion, sometimes equivalent to 'without', 'except', 'in preference to', e. g. purá sambadhád abhy á vavrtsva (II. 168) 'turn to us before (= so as to save us from) distress'; purá mát (AV.XII. 346) 'except me'. bahirdhá outside'. 618. This adverb 2 is once used in the VS. with the ablative in the sense of 'outside', 'from': idám ahám taptám vár bahirdha yajñán níssṛjāmi (VS. v. 11) 'this heated water I eject from the sacrifice'. sácă 'with'. 61g. The use of sácā is almost restricted to the RV., where it is common before and after the locative, meaning in association with', 'beside', 'at', The word mujavant- occurs in the plural | simple form bahis 'outside' (used also with as the name of a tribe in AV. v. 225 etc. abl.) is frequent in B. and later. 2 It is used fairly often in B. aud S. The