Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/428

 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. manner of immortals'; ánu jósam (TS. 1. 1. 13² VS. II. 17) for (= to suit) thy enjoyment. This is the commoner independent use. 418 antár 'between'. 599. In its adverbial use, which is not frequent, antár means 'between', 'within', 'into'; e. g. antáś car- 'move between or within'; antáh pás- 'look into'; antár ga- go between', 'separate'; antar-vidván 'knowing (the difference) between', 'distinguishing'. The fundamental and by for the most frequent adnominal use of antár is connected with the locative in the sense of 'within', ‘among'; e. g. antáḥ samudré 'within the ocean'; apsú antár 'within the waters'; antár devésu 'among the gods'; gárbhe antáḥ (VS.xxxII.4) ‘within the womb'; mātŕtamāsu antáh (TS. 1. 8. 12²= VS. x. 7) 'in the best of mothers'. a. From the locative its use extends in a few instances to the ablative in the sense of 'from within'; e. g. antár áśmanaḥ 'from within the rock'; eşá yayau paramád antáḥ ádreh (Ix. 878) it has come from the highest stone'. b. From the locative its use further extends, in several instances, to the accusative, in the sense of 'between' (expressing both motion and rest), generally in connexion with duals or two classes of objects; e. g. mahán sadhásthe dhruvá á nişatto 'ntár dyávā (1II. 64) 'the great one who has sat down in the firm seat between the two worlds'; indra it somapá ékaḥ. antár deván mártyāmś ca (VIII. 24) 'Indra is the one Soma-drinker (between =) among gods and mortals'. .. ápi 'upon'. 600. In its adverbial use with verbs of motion ápi generally means 'into', e. g. ápi gam- 'go into', 'enter'; but this sense assumes various modifications which may be expressed by 'on', 'over', 'up'; e. g. ápi dha- 'put upon', 'close up'; ápi nah- 'tie up'; ápi-ripta- 'smeared over' = 'blind'. In its adnominal use, which is rare, ápi is connected with the loca- tive only. It then has the sense of 'on'; e. g. ayám, agne, tvé ápi yám yajñám cakṛmá vayám (11.58) 'this (is), O Agni, the sacrifice which we have offered on thee¹2. abhi 'towards'. 601. In its adverbial use abhí means 'towards' with verbs of motion, e. g. abhí dru- 'run towards'; it further commonly makes verbs of action. transitive, e. g. krand- 'roar' : abhí krand- ‘roar at'; it also sometimes, especially with bhū- 'be', comes to have the sense of superiority: abhi bhū- 'overcome'. The adnominal use of abhí is fairly frequent, though in many individual instances difficult to distinguish from its adverbial use. It is connected with the accusative only, in the sense of 'to'; e. g. úd īrṣva nāri abhí jīvalokám (x. 188) 'Arise, O woman, to the world of the living'. The sense of 'over' (inplying dominion), abstracted from one of its secondary adverbial uses, is occasionally found; e. g. víśvā yáś carṣaṇír abhi (1. 865) ‘who (is) over all men'. In the later language antár is not in-| frequently used with the genitive (as well as the locative). An example of this occurs as early as VS. XL. 5 (— Ïśa Upanişad 5): tád antár asya sárvasya, tád u sárvasya asya bahyataḥ 'it is within this all and it is with- out this all'. 2 The adverb ápi begins to be employed secondarily in the RV. (though rarely) as a conjunctional particle meaning 'also'; cp. BRUGMANN, KĠ. 588, 5.