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 416 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. defines the local meaning of the case. It cannot be said to 'govern' the case, except perhaps when á 'up to' or purás 'before' are connected with the ablative. 594. The fourteen genuine prepositions which are used adnominally are almost entirely restricted to employment with the accusative, loca- tive, and ablative. Six are used with the accusative only, viz. áccha, áti, ánu, abhí, práti and tirás; one (ápi) with the locative only; one (áva) with the ablative only (and that very rarely). I The remaining six take the accusative and one or both of the other two cases: pári takes the ablative also; úpa the locative also; ádhi, antár, á, purás take both the locative and the ablative also. The first two of these six belong primarily to the sphere of the accusative, the last four to that of the locative. Thus it appears that the genuine prepositions were at the outset practically associated with these two cases only. The ablative came to be used secondarily with pári in the sense of 'from (around)'; and similarly with locative prepositions, ádhi = 'from (upon)', antár 'from (within)', á = 'from (on)'. In all these, the sense of the ablative case com- bined with the original meaning of the preposition to form a new double notion. But in purás 'before' and in á, when it means 'up to', which are both used before the case, the ablative sense has completely disappeared. The following is a detailed account of the genuine prepositions in their alphabetical order. áccha 'towards'. 595- In combination with verbs of motion and of speaking, áccha ³ expresses direction in the sense of '(all the way) to'4. Used adnominally with the same meaning, it takes the accusative, which either precedes or follows. It is rare except in the RV.5 Examples of its use are: prá yātana sákhimr ácchā (1.165¹3) 'proceed hither to your friends'; úpa prágāt.. ácchā pitáram mātáram ca (1. 163¹³) 'he has come forward hither to his father and mother'; kám áccha yunjathe rátham (v. 74³) 'to (go to) whom do ye two yoke your car?'; ácchã ca tvă ená námasā vádāmasi (VIII. 216) 'and to thee we speak with this devotion'; préyám agad dhisáṇā barhír áccha (TS.1.1.2¹= MS. 1. 1² K. 1. 2) 'this bowl has come forward hither to the litter'. — áti 'beyond'. 596. Adverbially áti is frequently used in the sense of 'beyond', 'over', 'through', with verbs of motion. Whether it is used adnominally with these and cognate verbs is somewhat uncertain. There are, however, a few distinct instances of such use6 of úti in other connexions with the accu- sative; e. g. šatám dāsáṁ áti srájaḥ (vIII. 56³) ‘a hundred slaves (beyond -) in addition to garlands'; purvír áti kṣápaḥ (x. 772) 'through many nights'; kád asyacáti vratám cakṛmã (x. 125) ‘what have we done (beyond) contrary ¹ In regard to úpa the sense of 'motion | locative in the v. r. sádanesu áccha for to' seems to be the primary one; for it is sádanāni áccha (RV. IX, 91¹), used twice as often with the acc., and its position before the loc, is less primitive, 2 It is once (VIII. 33¹3) also used with śru- 'hear' in the sense of 'listen to'. 5 It is used with over twenty roots in the RV. and with only two in the AV. (WHITNEY 1078). In the TS. it occurs with i- 'go' (IV. 1.81; II.2. 123) and with vad- 'speak' VS. XVI. 4). 3 The final a is short only at the end of | (IV. 5. 1²: a Păda and in 1 3117 and IX. 106¹; other- wise always áccha. 4 In the SV, it is once used with the 6 The adnominal use survives through the Brāhmaṇas into the Mahābhārata.