Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/387

 VII. VERB. AORIST SYSTEM. Reduplicated Aorist Imperative. 518. Forms of this mood are rare, numbering hardly more than a dozen. They occur in the active only. Active. Sing. 2. vocatāt. 3. vocatu. Du. 2. jigytám (gr- 'waken'), didhrtam, vocatam. Pl. 2. jigytá, didhrtá, paptata (1. 88¹), vocata, suṣūdáta (AV. I. 264) ². I 3. pūpurantu (pr- ‘fill'), śiśrathantu. - - — 3. Sigmatic Aorist. 519. The general tense sign of this aorist is an s added to the root. This s in the vast majority of verbs (more than 200) comes immediately before the endings. When such is the case, the stem may be formed in three different ways: the s being added 1. direct to the root, e. g. a-jai-ș-am (ji- 'conquer'); 2. with a connecting -i-, e. g. a-kram-i-s-am (kram- 'stride'); 3. with an additional s- prefixed to the connecting -i-, e. g. a-yā-s-i-s-am (yā- 'go'). The inflexion of these three varieties (A) follows that of the graded conjugation. In a small number of verbs the stem is formed by adding -s extended with a thematic a; e. g. á-ruk-șa-t (ruh- 'mount'). The inflexion of this fourth form (B) of the sigmatic aorist is like that of an imperfect of the a- conjugation. Of the four varieties of the sigmatic aorist, the first two, the s- aorist and the iş aorist, are very common, each being formed by nearly 100 roots. The other two are rare, the siș- aorist being made from only six, and the sa aorist from only nine roots. - A. I. The s- aorist. DELBRÜCK, Verbum 177-179. AVERY. Verb-Inflection 257-259. WHITNEY, Sanskrit Grammar 878-897; Roots 225-226; Atharvaveda, Index Verborum 380. v. NEGELEIN, Zur Sprachgeschichte 83-84. 520. In this form of the sigmatic aorist, the radical vowel as a rule takes Vṛddhi (a being lengthened) in the active. In the middle, on the other hand, excepting final i and z (which take Guna), the radical vowel remains unchanged. Thus in the active there occur the forms 1. sing. a-jai-şam (√ji-), a-bhār-ṣam (√bhṛ-), 3. sing. á-raik (√ric-), 3. pl. á-cchant-sur (V chand-); while in the middle we find 1. sing. a-vit-si (√vid-), á-bhut-si (V budh-), a-srk-şi (V srj-), a-nu-şi (nu- 'praise'), beside forms with Guna from roots ending in or z such as 3. pl. a-he-s-ata (√hi-), a-ne-s-ata (√nī-), 1. sing. a-sto-și (√ stu-). X 377 - 2 Pada text susūdáta. It is perhaps better to class this form here (cp. WHITNEY, Sanskrit Grammar 871) than as a transfer form of the perfect imperative from Vsüd- (Roots a. There are, however, some irregularities. I. In a few active injunctive forms Guna appears instead of Vṛddhi, e. g. sing. 2. je-s (Vji-), pl. 1. j'é-şma. 2. In two or three middle forms of sah- 'overcome', the a is lengthened, t. g. sing. I. sāk-ṣi ³. 3. The root is shortened in a few middle forms; thus the ā of dā- ‘cut', is reduced to i in sing. I. opt. di-ş-iya, and the nasal of gam- ‘go' and man- 'think' is dropped in the forms a-ga-smahi and ma-siya. 4. After a consonant other than n m r, the tense sign s is dropped before t, th, and dh; thus á-bhak-ta beside á-bhak-ş-i (Vbhaj-); pat-thas (AV.) beside fat-s-i (Vpad-, AV.); á-sto-ḍhvam (Vstu-), where the s on becoming cerebralized the following dental before disappearing (*á-sto-z-dhvam). In addition to the indicative, all the moods of this form of the aorist occur. There is also a participle, but it is rare. - — 1 An imperative form like this justifies | 188), though the reduplicative vowel is the classification of ápaptat etc. as an actual short. Cp. p. 362, note 9. aorist, apart from its possible origin as a pluperfect. 3 Also in the active subjunctive form sákṣāma, where the a would normally remain short, as the radical vowel in this mood takes Guna only. 4 The only example in this aorist of the ending -dhvam. I