Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/381

 VII. VERB. AORIST SYSTEM. rucānd-, rúhāṇa-, vásāna- ‘dwelling', vipaná, vrāṇá- covering', śubhaná- and súmbhana-, śvitaná-, sacaná-, suvaná- and svaná- (SV.) (su- 'press'), srjand-, sprdhaná-, hiyāná-². As members of compounds only, -cetana- and -hrayāna-3 occur. AVERY, Verb-Inflection 256 f. AV. Index Verborum 380. - B. - Aorist. WHITNEY, Sanskrit Grammar p. 305-308; Roots 224; v. NEGELEIN, Zur Sprachgeschichte 32-34. — 507. This form of the simple aorist is taken by nearly 60 roots, chiefly by such as contain a medial vowel. In the RV. less than half as many verbs form the a- aorist as form the root-aorist; and it is more frequent in the AV. than in the RV. The root generally appears in the weak form, the stem being made with an added -a, which in unaugmented forms is normally accented. This form of the aorist therefore resembles an imperfect of the á class. Middle forms are of rare occurrence in this aorist. 37⁰ a. A certain number of irregularities occur in the formation of the stem. I. The radical vowel of śās- 'order' is reduced to it, e. g. šișat (Iv. 27). 2. Some half dozen roots containing a medial a followed by a nasal, drop the nasal; these are krand- 'cry out', tams- 'shake', dhvams- 'scatter', bhramś fall', randh- 'make subject', srams- ‘fall'. 3. On the other hand - 'go' and sy- 'flow' take Guna and accent the radical syllable, as áranta (unaugmented 3. pl.) and sárat. — 4. Several roots form transfer stems from the root aorist. Some half dozen do this by reducing a final radical ā to a. This is regularly the case in khyā- 'see', vya 'envelope', hva- 'call'; e. g. ákhyat, ávyat, áhvat; but from dā- 'give', dha- 'put', and sthū- 'stand', only occasional transfer forms occur; thus adat; adhat (SV.) and dhat; ästhat (AV₁.). On the other hand, occasional transfer forms are made from kr- 'make', and gam- 'go', in which the radical syllable remains strong; e. g. ákarat (AV.) and ágamat. Indicative. 508. The forms of the indicative actually occurring, if made from vid- 'find', would be as follows: - Active. Sing. 1. ávidam. 2. ávidas. 3. ávidat. - Pl. 1. ávidāma. 2. ávidata. 3. ávidan. Middle. Sing. 1. ávide. 3. ávidata. Pl. 1. vidāmahi. 3. ávidanta. The forms which actually occur are the following: Active. Sing. 1. ákhyam, agrbham (Kh. III. 155), átrpam (AV. TS.), atrham (AV.), anijam (AV.), ámucam (AV.), áruham (TS. VS. AV.), ávidam, ávydham (Kh. Iv. 85), ašakam (VS. II. 28), ásanam, ásaram, ahyam (√ hi-, AV.), ahvam (AV.); ápam (AV.); aram, vidam. — 2. ákaras (AV.), ákṛtas (kṛt- ‘cut'), ákhyas (TS. AV.), áruhas, ávidas, asadas (TS. VS. AV.), ásaras; ápas; káras, guhas, druhas, bhúvas7, mucas (AV.), vidás. 3. ákarať8 (AV.), akramat (AV.), ákhyat, ágamat³ (AV.), ágṛdhat, acchidat (AV.), atanat, átasat (VS. AV.), adrpatº (AV.), adhat¹⁰ (√ dhā-, SV.), ámucat, 2 Hardly any of these participles occur in any of the other Samhitas: rucāná- (VS. XII. 1), rúhāṇa- (TS. IV. 1. 24), svāná- (SV.). 3 In á-cetāna- 'thoughtless', and á-hrayāṇa- 'bold'. 4 As in the weak forms of the present 1 Always written thus in the RV., but to be follow the root-aorist (áhema, ahyan, etc.), pronounced svāná-. this is probably to be regarded as a transfer form, since the regular form according to the root aorist ought to be *áhayam. 7 A transfer form, bhúva-s, following bhuv-am as if from a stem bhuva.. stem. 5 At the same time accenting the radical syllable. Thongh the other forms from Whi- 8 Transfers from the root aorist, following the 1. sing. ákar-am, ágam-am. 9 Emendation in AV. xx. 1365. IO a-dhat. 24* Transfer from the root aorist for