Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/322

 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. is expressed by sa-kft, which originally seems to have meant 'one making'. The next three are formed with the suffix -s: dví-s 'twice'; tri-s 'thrice', catus (AV.) 'four times' (for *catúr-s, cp. Av. čathru-s). Others are expressed by the cardinal and the form kftvas 'times' (probably 'makings', acc. pl. of *ftu-), which, except in asta-kftvas (AV.) 'eight times', is a separate word; thus dáśa kftvas (AV.) 'ten times', bhíri kftvas (RV.) 'many times' ². 312 = c. Numeral adverbs of manner are formed with the suffix -dhä; thus dvi-dha 'in two ways or parts'; similarly tri-dha and tre-dhá, catur-dhá, panca-dhú (AV.), sodha³, sapta-dha (AV. VS. TS.), asta-dhú (AV.), nava-dha (AV.), sahasra-dha. VII. THE VERB. BENFEY, Vollständige Grammatik 788-920.- WITNEY, Sanskrit Grammar 527-1073. DELBRÜCK, Das altindische Verbum, Ilalle 1874. — AVERY, Contributions to the history of verb-inflection in Sanskrit, JAOS. x. (1876), 219-276; 311-324. JUL. V. NEGELEIN, Zur Sprachgeschichte des Veda. Das Verbalsystem des Atharva-Veda, Berlin 1898. - 410. General characteristics. The verbal system comprises the two groups of forms which include, on the one hand, the finite verb and, on the other, the nominal formations connected with the verb. The former group represents the forms made with personal endings, viz. indicative, sub- junctive, injunctive, optative, and imperative. The latter group consists of infinitives (nouns of action) and participles (agent nouns). These differ from ordinary nouns inasmuch as they participate in the characteristics of the verb, governing cases, being connected with particular tenses, being used in different voices, and being liable to tmesis when compounded with prepositions. A. The finite verb distinguishes the primary conjugation of the root and the secondary conjugation of derivative formations, viz. desiderative, intensive, causative, and denominative. The latter class does not, however, differ in origin from the former; but doubtless because (in contrast with the present stems of the primary conjugation) it preserves the distinctive meaning of the stem, it extends the form of the present stem beyond the present system to the whole conjugation. The finite verb further distinguishes voice, tense, mood, number, and person. a. There are two voices, active and middle, which are distinguished throughout the inflexion of the verb (largely also in the participle, though not in the infinitive). The middle forms may be employed in a passive sense, except in the present system where there is a special passive stem inflected with middle terminations. Some verbs are conjugated in both active and middle; e. g. krnó-ti and krnu-té 'makes'; others in one voice only, e. g. ás-ti 'is'; others partly in one and partly in the other; e. g. pres. várta-le 'turns', but perf. vavárt-a 'has turned'. b. There are five tenses in ordinary use, viz. the present, the imper- fect, the perfect, the aorist, and the future. The terms imperfect, perfect, and aorist are here used in a purely formal sense, that is, as corresponding in formation to the Greek tenses bearing those names. No Vedic tense has an imperfect meaning, while the perfect sense is generally expressed by the aorist. ¹ Cp. BRUGMANN, KG. 450, I. a Cp. WHITNEV 1105, a. c. Beside the indicative there are four mocds, the subjunctive, the injunctive, the optative, and the imperative, all formed from the stem of the 3 For şaş-dhá; cp. above 43, b, 3; 56, b; and p. 307, note 8,